建筑施工中屋面防水施工技术措施

发表时间:2020/9/4   来源:《建筑实践》2020年10期   作者:谷雄飞,
[导读] 目前,在建筑工程的屋面防水施工中,由于设计材料、施工方案等存在问题

        摘要:目前,在建筑工程的屋面防水施工中,由于设计材料、施工方案等存在问题,导致屋面防水施工质量较差。那么,这就要求改进防水施工技术,既需要使用防水性能较好的防水材料、设置合理的分隔缝等,又需要建立健全防水技术质管体系、控制主要的施工技术等,这样才能逐步改善渗水问题,提升屋面防水性能。
        关键词:建筑;屋面防水;施工技术
        引言:随着城市化的不断推进,各种各样的建筑物会拔地而起,而每个建筑物都需要具备良好的防水性能,这样才能保证长久使用。所以,在展开建筑工程施工的时候,需要施工企业重视屋面防水施工、设计,改进施工技术,提升施工质量,这就可以提升防水性能。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1、建筑施工中屋面防水的重要性
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1.1能够保障施工质量
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        在通常情况下,建筑物的施工质量和屋面防水技术具有直接关联,如果某个企业的屋面防水技术较好,避免产生建筑物渗水的问题,可以为用户带来较好的居住体验。并且,屋面防水是整个建筑工程的重要环节,如果处理不好会影响其他施工环节,导致施工质量下降,这就需要使用较好地屋面防水技术。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1.2能够确保建筑物的结构的完整性
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        在建筑施工的过程中,施工人员都会搭建起建筑结构,以此作为建筑物的骨干,而屋面防水技术可以保证建筑建构不会受到渗水的侵蚀,提升建筑结构的完整性,并且需要使用质量较好的防水材料,这样会延长建筑物的使用寿命。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2、建筑工程屋面防水施工技术存在的问题
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2.1施工材料质量较差
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        目前,多数建筑工程中设计使用的防水材料,都是以刚性材料为主,虽然具有抗渗透能力,但是这种才来适应气温的性能较差,常常在温差较大的时候出现渗水问题,比如,在东北地区的建筑物会出现渗水问题,因为在冬季时期室内和室外的温差较大,导致建筑物中的刚性材料产生缝隙,致使冰雪融化后会深入缝隙,这说明使用的防水材料质量较差。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2.2防水施工方案不合理
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        在有些建筑工程中,屋面防水施工没有受到重视,有些技术人员会直接根据实践经验主观判断施工方法,没有经过实地勘察后再设计,这会为出现渗水问题留下隐患。并且,有些技术人员会区别对待防水工程,对防水仅参考图纸设计上的文字说明,没有在防水施工前做出明确的施工工艺交底,这就不利于展开防水工程。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2.3给排水施工质量较差
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        在有些情况下,施工人员展开的给排水施工质量较差,这就会导致在屋面中积攒较多的积水,加之建筑物使用刚性材料,致使积水会随着缝隙渗透到墙壁中,对建筑物的建筑结构造成负面影响,加速防水层的老化。并且,有些设计人员没有预先做好给排水设计工作,导致会出现施工质量问题。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3、改进建筑施工中屋面防水施工技术的措施
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3.1使用柔性防水材料
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        目前,在建筑工程中常常使用刚性和柔性两种类型的防水材料,由于刚性材料的制造、购买成本较为小,所以多数施工企业防水选材设计中,都会选择该种刚性材料,但是防水性能容易被环境影响,这会降低建筑施工质量。而柔性防水材料恰恰相反,具有较高的具有较高的延伸性、强度,具有较高的适应性,不会出现因温差出现开裂的问题,如图1所示,选材设计中可以选择高分子自粘TPO防水卷材,一方面,该类型防水材料具有较高的防水性能,当与混凝土结合时会发生固化反应,致使卷材会和混凝土面层形成第二个防水层,具有较强的粘接性,并且不易被化学物质腐蚀,材料不会产生刺鼻的气味,适用性较强。另一方面,这种材料不惧高温,隔热性能好,在炎热的屋面不易被损坏,也能起到隔热的效果。因此,施工企业可以将高分子自粘TPO防水卷材替代刚性材料,既可以提升屋面防水施工质量,又可以为居住者提供舒适的生活环境。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3.2科学设置分割缝
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        在设置分隔缝的时候,需要控制每个缝的距离,当相隔6米以上的距离时,需要设置“V形缝”,同时该缝隙需要和防水层一样深,这样可以起到防水的效果。并且,需要将分隔缝和屋面板缝保持同等高度,将分隔缝放置在拐角处,当屋内和屋外存在较大温差时,会将防水层出现的破损转移至分隔缝处,这就会起到保护屋面的作用,避免出现屋面开裂的问题。还有,当分隔缝和排气管结合时,需要加宽分隔缝,保障排气管可以顺利地排气。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3.3完善屋面保修制度
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        当前,许多施工企业不会维修建筑屋面出现的渗水问题,这会对建筑用户造成经济损失,影响居住安全。所以,这就需要完善屋面的保修制度,在这种情况下,能够延长保修期,既可以减少在屋面施工中存在的懈怠问题,又可以减少企业的维修成本,提升建筑屋面的防水性能,这就可以较好地解决出现的渗水问题。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3.4加强对屋面设计的管理力度
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        由于有些设计人员对屋面设计不重视,导致屋面容易发生渗水问题,所以需要从设计人员着手改进,这样才能有效地减少渗水问题。一方面,需要设计人员在实地勘察建筑屋面情况之后,再依据专业知识设计合适的屋面施工方案,并且采用性价比较高的柔性防水材料,或者使用柔性和刚性材料同用的方法,这就可以提升建筑屋面的防水性能。另一方面,在施工图纸中需要明确标注屋面设计信息,如详细绘制墙角等,并且需要合理地转变屋面防水设计思路,使用疏导性的设计思路,相比传统的封闭性设计,促使屋面防水具有较长的使用期限,这就可以提升屋面质量。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3.5建立健全防水建筑工程技术质管体系
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        屋面防水的质量与建筑物整体的质量息息相关,在建筑物被用户使用后,施工企业依然要对建筑物出现的渗水问题负责,这就需要在企业内部建立健全防水质管体系,对每个环节进行严格管理,这样才能有效地减少渗水问题。其一,需要对屋面防水工程的施工人员进行管理,既要保证施工人员具有专业性,又要严格审查施工人员是否具备相应的施工资质证明,避免出现无证、代岗作业的问题。其二,需要按照预定的施工流程展开施工,对每道工序进行质检,在符合质量标准的情况下才可继续施工,否则需要重建或维修,这就可以在最大限度上保证不会导致出现渗水问题。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4、主要施工技术要点控制
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4.1需要控制结构的质量
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        防水效果与结构质量是息息相关的,结构做的好,即使不做防水也不会出现渗漏情况,一方面,需要根据图纸及规范使用正确标号的混凝土,以及合格的混泥土配合比,保证混凝土材料合格,另一方面需要控制浇筑质量,保证浇筑连贯性以及养护的及时性,避免出现冷缝、细缝、蜂窝麻面。混凝土浇完后,做好放坡,以疏为主,堵为辅,从结构层面做到防水效果。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4.2需要控制屋面防水施工
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        其一,需要抹平防水基层,按照要求设置排水坡角,需要将排水口设置在防水层以下,这就可以有效地排出积水。其二,在展开涂膜防水时,需要保证防水基层的整洁度,不能出现积水、杂物。其三,需要保证管道、排水口等位置的部件牢固。其四,需要按照合理的时间间隔,三层涂刷屋面,第一层需要在底层涂刷高分子水泥基涂料,在固化后粘贴无纺布,第二层需要在8小时后继续涂刷,第三层在固化后继续涂刷。其五,在涂刷过程中,需要根据“先低后高、抓重点再整体”的步骤执行。其六,在涂刷时需要保持平直,避免出现翘边、破损问题,在结束前,需要对伸缩缝、排气道等位置设置无纺布无纺布增强材料,对其进行密封,同时涂抹油膏,这就能够提升防水性能。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        结束语
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        综上所述,屋面防水对整个建筑工程具有重要意义,需要施工企业重视屋面防水工程,既要对屋面防水的施工过程进行管理,又要对施工技术进行控制,这样才能有效地提升施工质量,从而可以避免出现渗水问题。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        参考文献
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        [1]李峰.建筑屋面防水工程施工技术分析[J].江西建材,2020(05):151+153.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        [2]杨学志.建筑施工中屋面防水施工技术措施[J].价值工程,2020,39(06):185-187.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        [3]陈斌.建筑工程中屋面防水施工技术分析[J].住宅与房地产,2020(05):182+193.
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