巧解“前否后肯”式反意疑问句

发表时间:2020/10/21   来源:《教育研究》2020年第7期   作者:谢雄志
[导读] 在中学英语中,反意疑问句是语法中的一个难点,而“前否后肯”式反意疑问句,绝对是难点中的难点.那么怎样才能准确无误地解对每一个“前否后肯”式反意疑问句呢?

湖南省娄底市新化县温塘镇中心学校 谢雄志 417622

        在中学英语中,反意疑问句是语法中的一个难点,而“前否后肯”式反意疑问句,绝对是难点中的难点.那么怎样才能准确无误地解对每一个“前否后肯”式反意疑问句呢?
        首先,让我们来了解一下反意疑问句。
        我们知道,反意疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是对事物的陈述,后一部分是简短的提问。如果前一部分用肯定式,后一部分一般用否定形式,即“前肯后否”式;如果前一部分用否定形式(或否定意思),后一部分就用肯定形式,即“前否后肯”式,前后两部分的人称和时态要一致。
        对于“前肯后否”式反意疑问句的回答,我们能很好的掌握:事实成立时用yes,事实不成立时用no,但对于“前否后肯”式反意疑问句的回答,我们就不那么容易掌握了,在各类考试中,这往往是学生们的失分题。
        在以往英语语法书和中学英语教材中有这样的描述:“对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就要用yes,事实是否定的,就要用no。这和汉语不一样,应特别注意。如:
        He isn't going to the meeting , is he ?他不去参加会议,是吗?
        Yes , he is .不,他要去的。
        No , he isn't.对,他不去。”
        这段英文和汉意对照的举例,只能告诉我们怎么从汉语的角度去理解对“前否后肯”式反意疑问句的回答。
        这就有两个问题摆在我们面前:第一个问题,对于我们中国人来说,一般认为yes就是“是”、“对”之意,no就是“不”、“错”之意,而“前否后肯”式反意疑问句中的yes与no的意思恰好要反过来理解:yes应理解为“不”、“错”,no应理解为“是”、“对”。所以,对这种颠倒过来的理解,我们中国人最容易出错。第二个问题,这句“前否后肯”式的英文例句没有语言环境作参照物——应先给出一段英文,然后再造一个反意疑问句,最后根据这段英文的意思才能对造出来的反意疑问句做出正确的回答。上面这个例子,只告诉了我们怎么去理解这种回答,而没有告诉我们该怎么去用yes和no回答这种句子。
        如果用这条规则来回答“前肯后否”式反意疑问句绝对没问题,但如果用来回答“前否后肯”式反意疑问句,却容易出错。
        请看对下面这段文章的提问,怎样回答才是正确的。
        Li Ping is 14 years old . He has studied at No . 2 Middle School for two years . He doesn't like sports , but he likes reading . He has few friends , So we are going to help him .
        问题:
        1、Li Ping is 14 years old , isn't he ?
        2、Li Ping is 13 years old , isn't he ?
        3、Li Ping isn't 13 years old , is he ?
        4、Li Ping isn't 14 years old , is he ?
        5、He hasn't studied at No . 2 Middle School for two years , has he ?
        6、He doesn't like sports , does he ?
        7、He doesn't like reading , does he ?
        8、He has few friends , does he ?
         以上8个反意疑问句,前两句属于“前肯后否”式的,后六句属于“前否后肯”式的。接下来,我们根据上面的规则来一一作答。
        问题1:“Li Ping is 14 years old”与文章中“Li Ping is 14 years old”年龄相符,“若事实是肯定的,就要用yes。”即:Yes , he is.正确。
        问题2:“Li Ping is 13 years old”而文章中“Li Ping is 14 years old”。年龄不符,“事实是否定的,就要用no”。即:No, he isn't.正确。
        问题3:“Li Ping isn't 13 years old”与文章中“Li Ping is 14 years old”不矛盾,事实相符。“若事实是肯定的,就要用yes”,所以应回答成:Yes , he is.(不,他是13岁。)显然与文章内容不符,正确答案应该是:No , he isn't.(是的,他不是13岁。)
        问题4:“Li Ping isn't 14 years old”与文章中的事实“Li Ping is 14 years old”不符,“事实是否定的,就要用no”,所以应回答成:No , he isn't.(是的,他不是14岁。)这样的回答与文章内容不符,正确答案应该是:Yes , he is .(不,他是14岁。)
        问题5:“He hasn't studied at No . 2 Middle School for two years”与文章中“He has studied at No . 2 Middle School for two years”不符,“事实是否定的,就要用no”,即No , he hasn't . (是的,他在二中没有学习两年。


)显然与文章内容不符,正确答案应该是:Yes , he has . (不,他已在二中学习两年)
        问题6:“He doesn't like sports”与文章中“He doesn't like sports”相符,“若事实是肯定的,就要用yes”,即Yes , he does ,(不,他喜欢体育运动。)这样的回答与文章内容不符,正确答案应该是:No , he doesn't . (是的,他不喜欢体育运动。)
        问题7:“He doesn't like reading”与文章中“He likes reading”不符,“事实是否定的,就要用no”,所以应回答成No , he doesn't . (是的,他不喜欢读书)显然与文章内容不符,正确答案应该是:Yes , he does . (不,他喜欢读书。)
        问题8:“He has few friends”。(他几乎没有朋友),与文章中“He has few friends”相符,“事实是肯定的,就要用yes”,即Yes , he does . (不,他有一些朋友。)显然与文章内容不符,正确答案应该是:No , he doesn't . (是的,他没有一些朋友。)
        通过以上对问题3——8的回答,很明显地证明:在回答 “前否后肯”反意疑问句 时“不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就要用yes,事实是否定的,就要用no。”不适用,并且,如果运用它作为评判依据时,最容易出错。
        那么怎样才能巧妙地解决这个问题呢—既容易理解,又方便操作?
        根据本人十多年初中英语的教学经验总结和不断地探索与发现,我找到了破解“前否后肯”反意疑问句的万能钥匙.即:先去掉句中否定词(或否定意思),再看事实,若与文中所给事实相符,则用yes,若不符,则用no。
        下面就用我的这个万能钥匙来巧解问题3——8。
        问题3:Li Ping isn't 13 years old , is he ?“先去掉句中否定词not,再看事实”,就变成了“Li Ping is 13 years old”.这与文中所给事实“Li Ping is 14 years old”不符,则用no。即:No , he isn't. (是的,他不是13岁。)
        问题4:Li Ping isn't 14 years old , is he ?“先去掉句中否定词not,再看事实”,就变成了“Li Ping is 14 years old”.这与文中所给事实“Li Ping is 14 years old”相符,则用yes。即:Yes , he is .(不,他是14岁。)
        问题5:He hasn't studied at No . 2 Middle School for two years , has he ?“先去掉句中否定词not,再看事实”,就变成了“He has studied at No . 2 Middle School for two years”。这与文中所给事实“He has studied at No . 2 Middle School for two years”相符,则用yes。即:Yes , he has . (不,他在二中已学习两年。)
        问题6:He doesn't like sports , does he ?“先去掉句中否定词not,再看事实”,就变成了“He likes sports”.这与文中所给事实“He doesn't like sports”不符,则用No。即:No , he doesn't .(是的,他不喜欢体育运动。)
        问题7:He doesn't like reading , does he ? “先去掉句中否定词not,再看事实”,就变成了“He likes reading”。这与文中所给事实“He likes reading”相符,则用yes。即:Yes , he does .(不,他喜欢读书。)
        问题8:He has few friends , does he ?“先去掉句中否定意思,‘几乎没有’再看事实”,就变成了“He has a few friends ”,即“他有一些朋友。”这与文中所给事实“He has few friends”不符,则用no。即:No , he hasn't .(是的,他没有一些朋友。)
        本人发现的这把万能钥匙能适用于英语中的任何时态,它不但有利于英语教师的教学,而且更有利于学生们很容易地掌握对“前否后肯”式反意疑问句的解答。
        下面再举一段文章,请运用本人的万能钥匙来巧解“前否后肯”式反意疑问句。
        Jim  Green was a worker five years ago . His factory was five kilometres away from his home.He went there by bike every day . Someone asked Jim :" Why not go to work by bus , Jim?"" I think riding a bike is healthier than that for me ." Jim answered.
        问题:
        1.Jim Green wasn't a worker five years ago ,was he ?
        2.Jim Green wasn't a worker ten years ago , was he ?
        3.Jim Green didn't go to work by bike , did he ?
        4.Jim Green didn't go to work by bus ,did he ?
        5.Jim Green hardly walked to work , did he ?
        6.Riding a bike isn't healthier than taking a bus for Jim , is it ?
        (正确答案:1.Yes , he was . 2.No , he wasn't. 3.Yes , he did . 4.No , he didn't .5.No , he didn't . 6.Yes , it is .)

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