王永胜
山西省太原市综合高级中学校 030031
摘要：中学生在英语词汇量、阅读量达到了一定的程度，对英语语法有了感性认识和零散记忆的基础上， 应该对英语语法知识有一个系统的和全面的梳理与把握，尤其是在应试前，复习时间紧、容量大的情况下，快捷而又紧抓关健核心点是最为行之有效的办法。
关键词：英语词法 英语句法
英语词法
一、名词 1. 可数名词及其单复数 class—classes family—families mouse—mice
2. 不可数名词 fun news advice progress money work
3. 专有名词 Mary America the Atlantic Ocean
4. 名词所有格 the little boy’s toys / workers’ home/ children’s home
二、代词 1. 人称代词 I you he she it we they
me you him her it us them
2. 物主代词 my your his her its our your their
mine yours his hers ours yours theirs
3. 反身代词 myself yourself himself itself
ourselves yourselves themselves
4.指示代词 this that these those such same
5. 不定代词 some/ any/ both/ either /neither/ all none / other / another
6. 疑问代词 who whom whose what which
三、数词 1. 基数词 one two three thirteen twenty fifty- five
2. 序数词 first second third fifth twelfth twentieth fortieth twenty-first
四、介词和短语介词 at in on around from with of into from behind
五、连词 and but or for not only…but also neither ...nor as well as
六、形容词 用法：在句中作定语、表语、补语等，修饰名词
三级变化： hot hotter hottest ；little less least ；
difficult more difficult most difficult
七、副词 用法：在句中作状语，修饰动词、形容词、介词短语等
三级变化：同形容词
八、冠词 1. 定冠词 the 2. 不定冠词 a / an 3. 零冠词
九、动词 1. 动词基本形式 speak spoke spoken speaking speaks
2. 系动词 be become get seem look feel smell taste sound
3. 及物动词和不及物动词 teach spend succeed fall
4. 助动词 be do have shall will should would
5. 情态动词 can may must need dare will could might
情态动词的用法主要有有两种：1. 基本用法 2. 表推测、责备的语气
十、时态 过去 4 + 现在 3 + 将来 1 = 8 ( + 3’ = 11 )
--------过去---------------------------现在------------------------------将来--------------→
1. did 5. do/does 8. will do
2.was/were ding 6. am/is/are ding 附：2. will be doing
3. had done 7. have/has done 3. will have done
4. would do 附：1. have/has been doing
十一、语态 （ 主动语态） 被动语态: 谓语动词 be done 注意be 的变化
十二、非谓语动词 1. 动词不定式 to do表将来的动作 （多作目的、结果状语）
2. 动词的—ing形式 speaking 表主动、表进行（重点是作状语）
3. 过去分词 spoken 表被动、表完成
独立主格结构： 名词 ( 代词 ) + to do/doing/done/adj./prep./adv.
e.g.
1. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许，我们明天去看你。
2. The test finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
3. He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。
4. He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。
with的复合结构作独立主格: 表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。
e.g. He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised.他举手着站在那儿。
十三、构词法 1. 合成法 women—workers cold--blooded
2. 转化法 hand n.----hand v. warm adj.—warm v.
3. 派生法 impossible unnecessary carelessness
十四、it的用法 1. 代词it
2. 形式词it 形式主语、形式宾语、强调句型
英语句法
十五、句子成份 主 / 谓 / 宾 / 定 / 状 / 补 / 表 / 同位语
十六、五种基本句型 1. 主+谓 Li Dong studies at Shanxi University.
2. 主+谓+宾 I like music very much.
3. 主+谓+宾+宾 He told us an interesting story yesterday.
4. 主+谓+宾+补 He feels it his duty to help others.
5. 主+系+表 The most important thing is how we do it.
十七、句子种类 1. 陈述句 He didn’t go to school yesterday.
2. 疑问句 Where have been these days ?
3. 祈使句 Clean the table after you finish the experiment.
4. 感叹句 What a surprise he gave me when he came to my birthday
party unexpectedly ！
十八、三大从句
1. 名词性从句 a. 分类：主从 / 宾从/ 表从 / 同位从
b. 连接词：1. 连 词 that / whether / if
2. 连接代词 what / who/ which / whose / whatever / whoever...
3. 连接副词 where / when / why / how
c. 例句：
1. When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.
2. They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
3.The question is whether they have so much money.
4.I didn’t know you were in London. How long have you been here?
2. 状语从句 a. 分类：九类
时间状语从句：when, while, as, before, after, as soon as, till, until, not…until, the first/second…/last time, the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, hardly…when, scarcely…when, no sooner…than
地点状语从句：where, wherever
原因状语从句：because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that
条件状语从句：if, unless, now (that), as(so) long as, in case, on condition that, suppose/supposing, provided/providing
让步状语从句：no matter which/what/when/where/who/how, whichever, wherever, whatever, whoever, whenever, however, whether…or；although, though, even though/if, as, while,
结果状语从句：so that, so…that, such…that
目的状语从句：so that, in case, for fear that, lest
方式状语从句：how, as, as if/as though
比较状语从句：than, as…as, not so/as…as
b.例句：
1.While I was wondering at this, our schoolmaster took his place. （时间状语从句）
2. Where there is a will, there is a way. （地点状语从句）
3. Now that/Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. （原因状语从句）
4. I’ll speak slowly so that you can understand me. （目的状语从句）
5. So clever is he a student that he is able to work out all the difficult problems. （结果状语从句）
6. As long as you don’t lose heart, you’ll succeed. （条件状语从句）
7. Try as he might, he could not find a job. （让步状语从句）
8. The old lady treats the boy as if he were his own son. （方式状语从句）
9. I like music better than sport. （比较状语从句）
3). 定语从句 a. 关系词
关系代词： who(m), which, that,
关系副词： when, where, why
特殊关系词：which, as，whose
b.例句：
1. The book which/that you lent to me is very interesting.
2. Tom is the student whose handwriting is the best in our class. 3. Is the man who talked to you just now Mr Wang ? 4. I live in the room the door of which is white.
5. I`ll never forget the days which/that I spent in the country. 6. I will never forget the days when I studied with you.
7. Can you tell me the reason why you were late for class this morning ? 8. Is this the factory which/that you visited last week ? 9. Is this the factory where you worked last year ? 10. Is this factory the one you visited last week ? 11. China is no longer the country which/that it used to be. 12. All that should be done has been done.
13. I don`t like the way that/in which/+ he smiles. 14. This is the reason that you explain to me. 15. This is the first time that I have been in Beijing. 16. I , who am your best friend ,should help you. 17. Jim is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.
十九、 主谓一致: 就近一致，少部分就远一致，意义一致
二十、 倒装：全部倒装、部分倒装
二十一、强调句型 It is …that… 特别注意强调句的一般疑问、特殊疑问形式
e.g. It was in this store that you bought the book.
Was it in this store that you bought the book?
Where was it that you bought the book?
强调谓语则在动词前加do、dose、did ，只适用于一般现在、一般过去两种时态。
e.g. He did tell me the news yesterday.
二十二、虚拟语气 ：通过谓语动词的特殊形式表示一种虚拟的情况
1. 在条件句中的用法
If从句 + 主句
对过去虚拟 had done would have done
对现在虚拟 did would do
对将来虚拟 did
Were to do would do
Should do
2. 在某些动词后的宾语从句中的用法 记住10个动词及其对应的名词后的从句中谓语动
词只用“should + do / be done”， should可以省略：
一坚持insist，二命令order command，三要求require request demand，四建议suggest advise propose recommend
3. 在五个特定句型中的用法
1) wish 后的宾语从句
2) as if 引导的方式状语从句
3) If only... “要是......该多好啊！”
以上三个从句谓语动词虚拟形式分别为：过去had done，现在did，将来could do
4） It is time that sb did / should do sth
5） ‘d rather sb did / had done sth
参考文献：
[1] 张道真，英语语法 [J]. 商务印书馆，2002，（5）: 2
[2] 普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）：179-183