孙海涛
山东省滨州市沾化区第一中学，山东 滨州 256600
According to the New Curriculum Standard,core competences are to develop linguistic ability，thinking ability，cultural character and learning ability，with the ultimate aim of strengthening moral education and cultivating people，which are best shown in papers of the National College Entrance Examination.It is a relatively fair platform to choose qualified candidates for the universities.
一、Listening-implication
Ⅰ.Analysis of propositional intention
Listening is an essential part in communication with foreigners.It shows the communicative function of English.It is designed to test students’ thorough understanding of the dialogues and monologues,and it requires them to respond to facts or specific information by summarizing the main idea or making a proper judgement,deduction or inference.
Ⅱ.Analysis of the listening material
Its topics are various and colorful,which is getting much closer to students’ life. The testing points are mainly focused on detailed information and deduction.The materials are typical of short dialogues and fewer hints, while the options are of higher interference. Rather than just listening, it needs students to analyze the lexical meaning, the syntactical structure and the text,raising a higher demand for students’ thinking quality.
Ⅲ.Reasons for fallible points
Lack of abundant vocabulary, lack of basic knowledge of sound discrimination and phonetic changes, lack of awareness of cultural difference and background information, psychology and memory are the hardest barriers for students to overcome.
Ⅳ.Strategies & Approaches
Problem-solving strategies:
Step1 Pre-listening
Technique: Prediction
Attach more importance of pre-listening, especially making predictions,which involves students in the specific situations and activate their minds.
Step2 While-listening
Tips to get detailed information
Tip 1: Stay calm and focused
Tip 2: Grasp the key words about time, place, people... and avoid the distractor
Tip3: Get the answer by synonyms
Tip4: Short-hand
Tip5: Tolerate ambiguity
Step3 After-listening
Self-reflect every gain and loss after each training
Master pronunciation skills by imitation
Build word bank
Teaching strategies:
1.Include the pronunciation pattern, for example, intonation, pause, plosion, stress, vowel reduction, assimilation, liaison, in the daily teaching routine;
2.Strengthen the exercises to train students to catch the key information and improve the skills of deducting and inferring, such as short-hand and instant interpreting;
3.Design specific exercises to consolidate the error-pron points;
4.Collect listening materials related to daily topics, such as clothes, food, health,school life,houses, travelling,culture, common sense;
二、Reading comprehension-The world is our book.
Ⅰ.Analysis of propositional intention
Reading comprehension is at the request of the teaching revolution to help students to develop the right world view, positive outlook on life and values. They are of vital significance in assisting students in arousing inter-cultural and social awareness and broadening international horizons.The reading comprehension are specifically assigned to test the ability to summarize the main idea, to get specific information, to guess the meanings of unknown words, to make proper judgement and deduction, to understand the logic structure of the passage, to infer the author's attitude, purpose and view, and to think and reason critically.
Ⅱ.Analysis of the reading material
The choice of the passage corresponds with the standard of the New Curriculum. The passages are original, authentic , vivid , educational, scientific and rational. The passages are the unification of knowledge, interest , thought and practicality. They highlight the characteristics of times and atmosphere of life. They keep to the tradition but change gradually. Articles have more long and difficult sentences with complex structure. The number of questions about detailed information and making deductions is larger.They are not arranged just in sequence, sometimes the information origin of them are not distributed evenly in the passage as before.
Ⅲ.Reasons for fallible points
Limited vocabulary, poor analyzing ability, imagining beyond details, carelessness make it hard for students to get high marks.
Ⅳ.Strategies & Approaches
Detailed information
Technique1: Location
Locate the sentences with the similar key words and then compare
Technique2: Exclusion
Exclude options inconsistent with the detailed information
Exclude options completely disproved
Exclude options seemingly based on the facts
Exclude options a quotation out of context
Exclude options disguised replacement of concept
Techniques3: Analyse the long and complicated sentences to paraphrase
Main idea
Tip1 Read title
Tip2 Read topic sentence
Tip3 Read frequency words
Tip4 Analyse the logic of the passage.
Inference
Tip 1 Positive thinking
Locate the information
Literal understanding
Deep understanding
Tip 2 Reverse thinking
Start from the distractor
Word-guessing
Technique1: Context
Technique2: Contrast parallel relationship or adversative relationship
Technique3: Interpretative statement
Teaching strategies:
1.Prepare reading tasks with the clear aim of highlighting context and emphasizing usage to help students to develop the habit of understanding and making judgement in the context.
1.Instruct students not to conclude by“I think”,but by “the author thinks”.
2.Instruct students the professional reading techniques.
3.Integrate the background knowledge, emotion and social elements into the education and training of reading.
4.Practise reading in limited time for reading speed .
5.Find more authentic and original passages for students and variant training;
三、Close test-Sherlock Holmes
Ⅰ.Analysis of propositional intention
Cloze test features inferring missing information based on the given information.It has the advantages of subjective test and objective test in English application.According to the Test Syllabus and the new National Curriculum Standard, cloze test is designed for cultivating students’ overall language proficiency. The purpose of a cloze test is to develop students' ability of understanding the main idea, to examine students’ ability to use words in a specific context and ability to get the inner relationship and the logic of the text. It is intended to help students’ accumulate basic knowledge, improve reading competence and enhance their thinking and judging ability by using the methods of observation and comparison, analysis and inference, induction and construction, criticism and innovation. What’s more, it is also designed to develop students’ positive attitude to life.
Ⅱ.Analysis of the material
It is close to students’ life, and students can learn something from it. It is common that there is no blank in the first sentence and it always introduces the topic sentence. It mainly tests the usages of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs，prepositions , conjunctions, and pronouns in context. The questions are designed at the angle of word distinctions, usage and collocation,grammar and discourse comprehension.All the options in the cloze test are frequently-used words. Notional words account for a large proportion.
Ⅲ. Reasons for fallible points
Most of the time, students are constrained by the thinking set. They are not familiar with the unfamiliar meaning of the familiar word or the different meanings of the familiar word. Thus they can't understand the main idea or the meaning of the sentence deeply. Sometimes they make wrong choice or judgment because of their ignorance of the discourse and the logic.
Ⅳ.Strategies & Approaches
Problem-solving strategies:
Step1 Skip(跳读) the passage to get the general idea and the clue
The technique of spider web
Step2 Reread to choose the best choice
Technique1:Discourse comprehension.
1.The Intra-sentence context
2. The Inter-sentence context
（logical reasoning）
Technique2: Word distinction
Technique3: Common sense
Technique4: Collocation
Technique5: Grammar
Technique6: Exclusion
Technique7: Synonyms and antonyms
Technique8: Reapperance of the same word
Technique9: Reverse thinking
Step3 Confirm the difficult blanks and check the answers.
Teaching strategies:
1.Highlight the logic thinking of the passage like deduction and induction and the understanding of context.
2. Help students develop the ability of prefilling to lower the influence of distracters.
3.Help students master the meaning of more advanced words and rare words and summarize the usages of the polysemy .
5.Instruct the necessary effective techniques of solving the problems
6.Strengthen students’ cross-culture awareness and build the bank of common sense.
7.Choose good native passages from foreign newspaper and websites for students to read.
四.Blank filling-Changeable game
Ⅰ.Analysis of propositional intention
It is aimed at testing students’ ability of discourse comprehension. Or rather, students are requested to master the ability of textual reading comprehension, applying language knowledge and analyzing judgment.Students are required to have a good command of the grammar and the form and usages of vocabulary solidly.It is aimed at cultivating students’ cross-cultural awareness, forming a more tolerant attitude and finally developing the sense of carrying forward traditional Chinese culture.
Ⅱ.Analysis of the material
The rational cloze has ten blanks in total, students need to finish them according to the context, which includes “tip-given” and “no- tips”. Generally speaking , the first one or two sentence is left intact. It stesses the application of morphology and syntax. Most of the passages are related to traditional culture.
Ⅲ.Reasons for fallible points
Lacking basic grammar knowledge discourages the students from getting satisfying results. Specifically specially, students ignore the capital letter, write the incorrect form especially the participles, or fail to confirm the tense from the context .No-tips blanks are the most fallible points.
Ⅳ.Strategies & Approaches
Problem-solving strategies:
Step1 Read the whole passage to make clear the main idea
Step2 Reread and fill in the blanks
Techniques:
Technique1:Tips-given
Rule1: If a verb is given, first decide whether it is predicate verb or non-predicate verb. If it is a predicate verb, consider its tense and voice. If not, decide the form of the non-predicate verb.
Rule2: If an adjective or adverb is given , pay attention to its comparative degree.
Rule3: Conversion form of noun, adjective and adverb.
Technique2: Analyze the complex sentence with subordinate clause
Rule: Analyse the structure of the complicated sentence and decide the type of subordinate clause. Then decide subordinating conjunction.
Technique3: Set collocation
Step 3 read again and confirm the choice
Teaching strategies:
1.Instruct the basic grammar rules to the students as well as discourse structure.
2.Guide students to accumulate the words and phrases and summarize the testing points.
3.To train students’ textual awareness and ability of logical thinking.
4.Change the classical essays for students to read.
5.Train efficiently and effectively.
五、Practical writing ---Change is the trend of the future.
Ⅰ.Analysis of propositional intention
Drawing materials from real life, this subject focuses on testing one’s ability of using language and reflecting.It is the integration of language skills, learning ability, thinking ability and cultural awareness. In this process,students not only get knowledge, but also express their thoughts and introduce Chinese customs fluently and logically from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.Students are provided the chance to write compositions such as reports, notices or letters of information and give advice.Their compositions should be coherent, fully structured and organized in a literary way.
Ⅱ.Analysis of the material
As a guided writing, it gives a specific communicative task in a real context. The content is closely related to students' daily life. Letter is not the only type in the exam. Other types of practical writing are possible.
Ⅲ.Reasons for fallible points
The composition of poor quality is usually due to wrong analysis of the topic or requirements, the nonstandard format, lacking important points, grammatical mistakes, random organization and Chinglish. Actually, casual errors in singular and plural form, subject-verb agreement, tense ,spelling and even unclear handwriting contribute to the low grade.
Ⅳ.Strategies & Approaches
Problem-solving strategies:
Step1. Make clear the topic, genre, format, tense and the requirements
Step2. Draft the outline of the passage
Step3. List rich words and special sentence patterns suitable for the passage
Step4. Organize the composition with proper tense and conjunctions
Tip1. Write, proofread and rewrite to make the composition coherently, logically and beautifully.
Tip2. Extract excellent expressions in daily study.
Step5. Check to avoid silly mistakes and copy neatly and beautifully.
Tip Learn from the model version
Teaching strategies:
1.Keep on checking the fundamental language knowledge to consolidate solidly.
2.Design specific exercises to offer students chances to use various, advanced and variant sentences .
3.Constantly display the great composition and good handwriting;
六、Continuation writing--Unexpected, attractive,positive
Ⅰ.Analysis of propositional intention
Continuation writing is the most challenging part of the test. It requires the students to have a thorough understanding of the given passage and then create a logical passage with positive feeling. It examines students’ comprehensive ability, rich knowledge and wide thoughts. It also emphasizes the communicative and practical application of language.It enables the students to stimulate their imagination and embodies positive emotional attitude and value.
Ⅱ.Analysis of the material
The continuation writing mainly focus on narrative stories or narrative articles. Passages of this kind are suitable to inspire students to think and imagine.
Ⅲ. Reasons for fallible points
Students’ fragile basic knowledge and hasty reading make their work off the points. The wrong practice of not echoing the beginning of the second sentence makes students’ effort fruitless. Students’ understanding is inconsistent with the original paragraph in logic.Their continuing paragraphs are not consistent and coherent.
Ⅳ.Strategies & Approaches
Problem-solving strategies:
Step1 Read carefully and clearly to analyse the questions like who, what, when, where, and why
Step2 Plot logically
Tip Focus on the given sentence of paragraph2 first. Because some information in it must be mentioned in paragraph 1.
Step3 Create the ending
The ending should be unexpected, attractive and positive.
Step4 Polish and copy neatly
Pay attention to the logicality, coherence and consistency. Check carefully to get rid of the low mistakes.
Teaching strategies:
1.Instruct students to have a precise understanding of the article by underlying the key information and grasping the passage structure.
2.Guide students to create and imagine reasonably and logically in a positive way.
3.Accumulate the expressions such as facial description, action description and psychological description.
4.Enlarge the range of the students’ reading materials, and all kinds of topics should be included.
To sum up, it is obvious that many laws and principles of the testing have been explored to the fullest. Plenty of professional techniques and strategies are put forward correspondingly, from which a great many students have benefited. Instead of maintaining stable and invariable, incredible changes has appeared in the National College Entrance Exam. Accordingly, as the pilots,we should get rid of the fixed model of thinking and view the teaching in a new perspective, striving to make great breakthrough in the preparation for the upcoming exam. Let’s be beautiful butterflies from broken cocoon.