高中英语中从句引导词that,which和what使用辨析

发表时间:2020/12/15   来源:《基础教育课程》2020年9月   作者:史清灵
[导读] 在高中英语学习中,从句引导词that,which和what一直是让同学们感到困扰的三个词,由它们引导的从句在学习中经常出现,而且其用法极容易混淆,可以说,掌握了这三个词引导从句的用法,也就在很大程度上掌握了英语中的复合句,本文将就此做以探讨。

甘肃省灵台县第一中学    史清灵 

引言:在高中英语学习中,从句引导词that,which和what一直是让同学们感到困扰的三个词,由它们引导的从句在学习中经常出现,而且其用法极容易混淆,可以说,掌握了这三个词引导从句的用法,也就在很大程度上掌握了英语中的复合句,本文将就此做以探讨。
关键词:英语;引导词;使用辨析
        英语学习对于高中生的重要性不言而喻,而对于复合句的教学和理解直接决定着老师的教学效果和学生的学习水平,学生们往往因为不能很好地掌握英语中的从句,以致面对复合句,尤其是长难句时,一脸茫然,束手无策。下面就英语从句中最常用的引导词that,which和what作以简要辨析。
        一、连接代词what和关系代词that、which
        What本身具有代词性,只能引导英语三大从句(状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句)中的名词性从句,在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等。What引导名词性从句时,常常意为“什么”或者“······所······的事情/东西/话语等”由于它本身有词意所以一直不能省略例如,I don’t know what his name is.我不知道他叫什么名字;Sorry,I didn’t catch what you said just now.对不起,我没有听明白你刚才所说的话;What he has done is very helpful to me .他已经做过的事情对我很有帮助。值得注意的是,由于what本身的代词性,它所引导的名词性从句整体上看就相当于被某个句子修饰、与该句意思紧密相关的的名词,what后的词义决定了对它的翻译例如,What matters most to me now is my study对我来说最重要的事情就是我的学习:To my surprise ,Tom is not what he used to be.令我惊讶的是,汤姆已经不是他过去的样子了。在这种情况下,what引导的名词性从句中的what实际上就可以用the +某一相应名词+that/which来代替(该名词由整个从句的意思而定),整个从句就相当于一个被关系代词that/which所引导定语从句修饰的名词,what在原句中充当什么句子成分,that/which就在由它们替换而来的句子中充当什么句子成分例如上面句子中的what you said就相当于the word that/which you said,What he has done 就相当于the things that/which he has done,What matters most to me就相当于the things that/which matters most to me.
        二、连接代词that和which
        作连接代词时,that和which都可以引导名词性从句,但是用法也有区别。That引导名词性从句时不含实意,在从句中不做句子成分,大多数情况下不能省略(引导宾语从句时除外)。例如,That Li lei is good at English is known to us all.(that引导主语从句);The news that our team has won the game makes us very excited.(that引导同位语从句);My suggestion is that we should go right now.(that引导表语从句);I don’t know (that)he has gone abroad.
        (that引导宾语从句,可以省略)。Which引导名词性从句时意思为“哪一个,哪一些”常在从句中作定语、宾语或者主语,不能省略。例如,It is clear which sweater he likes best.(which引导主语从句,在从句中作定语,意为“哪一个”);My question is which books we should choose to buy.(which引导表语从句,在从句中作定语,意为“哪一些”);The question which eyewitness we should believe is still under discussion.(which引导同位语从句,在从句中作定语,意为“哪一个”)I don’t know which he likes best.(which引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语,意为“哪一个”)。



        三、关系代词that和which 
        作为关系代词时,that 和which都可以引导定语从句(即连接主、从句),代替指事物的先行词在从句中做主语和宾语,作宾语时可以省略,二者可以互换.例如,A prosperity which / that has never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未见的繁荣(that/which引导定语从句代替先行词prosperity 在从句中作主语)The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped你拿的包裹快散了(that/which引导定语从句,代替先行词the package在从句中作宾语)。但是它们在用法上也有不同之处:
        1.that既可以代替指物的先行词,也可以代替指人的先行词。例如,Is he the man that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗?(that 引导定语从句,代替先行词the man在从句中作主语);He is the man that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(that引导定语从句,代替先行词the man在从句中作宾语)
        2在下列情况下只能用that:a当先行词是不定代词all、little、few、muchnone.anything  nothing、everything等时.例如Is there anything that I can do for you?我能为你做什么吗?(that引导定语从句,代替先行词anything在从句中作宾语);b.当先行词被all、only、little、much、some、any、no、every等修饰时。例如,The only thing that I can do is(to)wait.我能做的唯一事情就是等待。(that引导定语从句,代替被only修饰的先行词thing在从句中作宾语); This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的电影。(that引导定语从句,代替被 best修饰的先行词film在从句中作宾语);c.当先行词同时包含人和物时。例如,Yesterday he talked about the teachers and school that he had visited.昨天他谈论了他参观过的学校和拜访过的老师。(that引导定语从句,代替先行词the teachers and school在从句中作宾语)d.当主句是以who或which引导的特殊疑问句时。例如,Who is the man that is talking to Mark?与马克谈话的那个人是谁?(that引导定语从句,代替先行词the man在从句中作主语,主句是以who引导的特殊疑问句,只能用that);Which is the book that you bought for David yesterday?哪一本是你昨天为戴维买的书?(that引导定语从句,代替先行词the book在从句中作宾语,主句是以which引导的特殊疑问句,只能用that);e.当引导词代替先行词在定语从句中作表语时例如,I am sorry to see that Tom is not the man that he was twenty years ago.我遗憾地发现汤姆不再是他二十年前的样子了。(that引导定语从句,代替先行词the man在从句中作表语,只能用that)
        3.在下列情况下只能用which:a.当先行词是整个句子,即主句时。例如,Mr Smith mistook Lucy for Lily,which made him a little embarrassed.斯密斯先生把露丝错当成了莉莉,这使他有点儿尴尬(which引导定语从句,代替先行词(即前面的主句)在从句中作主语)b. 当在逗号后面引导非限制性定语从句(即从句与主句关系不是非常紧密,去掉从句对主句意思没有影响)时。例如Mike sold the old house,which he bought 20 years ago.迈克卖掉了那个旧房子,那是他20年前买的。(which在逗号后面引导非限制性定语从句)c.在介词后面引导定语从句时。例如,I have two story books,both of which are very interesting.我有两本英语书,它们都很有趣。(which代替 books在介词of后面作宾语)
        复合句是高中英语学习中的重点,也是一个难点,其引导词thatwhich和what在英语句子中的使用非常频繁,学习者只有熟练掌握了这三个词的意义和用法,明确它们之间的差异和联系,才能轻松地读懂复合句,得心应手地使用复合句,不断提高自己的英语水平。
参考文献:
1.范怀涛,常见的英语主从复合句,《中学生英语》,2017
2.李小平,论英语从句引导词that的来源,《中南大学》2012
3.孟宪冰,定语从句与名词性从句引导词选择比较探究,《考试:新英语》2008

投稿 打印文章 转寄朋友 留言编辑 收藏文章
  期刊推荐
1/1
转寄给朋友
朋友的昵称:
朋友的邮件地址:
您的昵称:
您的邮件地址:
邮件主题:
推荐理由:

写信给编辑
标题:
内容:
您的昵称:
您的邮件地址: