一案三导:现代诗歌活动·探究单元教学的实践研究

发表时间:2020/12/16   来源:《教育学文摘》2020年9月25期   作者:郑仙华 孙忠芳
[导读] 处于探索阶段的现代诗歌活动?探究单元教学
        郑仙华  孙忠芳
        (杭州市三墩中学  浙江杭州  310030)
        【摘要】处于探索阶段的现代诗歌活动?探究单元教学,往往出现碎片学习、被动学习、纸上谈兵等问题,笔者充分考虑统编教材现代诗的特点,结合自身教学实践,对九上第一单元及《艾青诗选》名著阅读探索诗歌活动?探究单元的教学策略。本研究立足语文核心素养,以导读、导写为抓手,充分利用小组合作,发挥读写评相辅相成的作用,提高学生诗歌的感知力和表达能力,提升师生的文学素养。
【关键词】诗歌教学    读写结合    多元评价   
一、缘起:现代诗歌活动·探究单元教学之窘境
        初中语文现代诗歌教学出现在七年级和九年级,《艾青诗选》进入名著阅读的范围,尽管数量不多,但从杭州中考指挥棒来看,现代诗歌阅读考查从无到有,再到考查分值呈增长趋势,说明现代诗歌教学要求已向纵深层次考查鉴赏和写作了。
        结合九上第一单元,笔者从学情出发,对目前的诗歌教学中存在的几种弊端进行剖析:
        (一)碎片学习,缺乏系统性
        九上第一单元是诗歌活动?探究单元,教师们都习惯了传统教学,喜欢避重就轻的一首一首地诗歌阅读,这种碎片化的教学,割裂了篇与篇之间的勾连,学生学习了好多诗歌,依然对如何赏析诗歌惘然一片。
        我们教诗歌的目标是希望学生学以致用,用所学习的诗歌赏析策略来理解文本,但是因为教的过程中缺乏系统性,学生缺乏迁移能力,站在岸上学不会游泳,习得的永远只能是纸上谈兵。
        鉴于上述原因,笔者认为一案三导的模式作为改进诗歌教学的一个重要突破口,将写和评的关系融会贯通地应用于现代诗歌的教学实践中,有着重要的意义。
        二、认识:现代诗歌活动·探究单元教学之定位
        初中语文诗歌教学是活动·探究单元,要求有“学会鉴赏”“学会朗诵”“尝试创作”,读与写是一个连动的过程。诗歌的品读、诵读、写作步步深入,又相互促进。
        (一)读写互动,融会贯通
        阅读是输入,写作是输出,两者都指向语言文字运用这一核心素养,阅读和诵读,加强了对诗歌的理解,明确诗歌赏析的策略,有助于诗歌的写作,读写互动,旨在充分发挥读和写的交互作用,在写中促读,在读中悟写,将读和写的关系融会贯通地应用于诗歌理解中。

        (二)小组合作,相辅相成
        小组合作学习是教师以学习小组为重要助推力,以组内异质、组间同质为基本形式,通过师生间,生生间的协调互动活动,共同完成学习任务的一种教学策略。它改变了教师垄断整体课堂的信息源而学生处于被动地位的局面。
        (三)评价先行,学以致用
        评价指引教学的方向,目标的达成,活动开展之前 ,下发评价量表,在一次次的评价中,学生会自动将现代诗歌的赏析和诵读策略消化吸收,成为下次学习现代诗歌的工具,达成学以致用的目的。
        三、探索:现代诗歌活动·探究单元教学之实践
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 万事开头难,因为是活动探究单元,笔者打通整个单元,连同《艾青诗选》“如何读诗”,利用课文教学导读,给学生搭建支架,用小组合作展示掌握诗歌赏析策略,接着导读,通过诵读深入感悟诗歌内涵;写作环节与赏析策略、诵读相结合,修改完善突出情感表达的通畅与高远;整个过程都评价先行,以师生的点评和评价量表来导引,也以此为结。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (一)导读:循序渐进,掌握策略
        阅读的最低层次是读懂,读懂不仅只是在大脑中留存一个模糊的影像,而是要能够用简洁的语言表达出来,即语言的概括,概括的前提是明确鉴赏诗歌的策略。
        1.品评赏读, 搭建支架
        结合七上诗歌阅读教学,回顾现代诗歌阅读策略,给学生搭建赏析诗歌的支架。如《天上的街市》想象与联想手法,意象、意境的理解;《黄河颂》画面感的分析,反复、比喻、象征手法的运用,直抒胸臆的体悟;《假如生活欺骗了你》结合时代背景,明确诗歌主题;《我爱这土地》抓住揣摩语言、品读诗歌意象、联系创作背景(图一)……
        借助《作业本》第2页,明确情感基调的种类,并让学生自由列举所学诗歌的情感基调,如《黄河颂》的情感基调是豪放、激昂,《假如生活欺骗了你》沉郁……,完成图二。
   
                         (图一)诗歌赏析支架           (图二)诗歌情感基调
        通过清晰表格给出支架,让学生形成对诗歌赏析粗略的初步印象,对学生的自主阅读起到切实的引领作用。
        2.比较阅读,求同存异
        (1)同一作家作品
        艾青被称为“一生追求光明的作家”。即使同是追求光明,前期如《黎明的通知》,后期如《光的赞歌》,细细比较,《黎明的通知》用明快的语言表达对黎明即将到来的欣喜,而《光的赞歌》用睿智哲思的语言赞美光带来的社会文明和正义。
        (2)同一主题作品
        在同一个主题下,不同作家、作品比较阅读,更能走进诗人的内心,如都是表达对生命的爱,《你是人间的四月天》和《我看》,在意象的选择、诗的形式、表现手法上都有很大的区别,林徽因的诗表现了新月派诗歌的“三美”主张,而穆旦的诗呈现了九叶诗派意境的新奇。
        
        
        
案例如下图:
        
             
        比较阅读是对学生的思维层次提出了更高的要求,学生必须阅读这位诗人的大量诗歌,还需要结合诗歌阅读的策略赏析,最后才能品悟出来。比较阅读,对于学生语文的语感的加强、语文素养的提升不言而喻。
3.诵读领悟,走向深入
        诗歌以情致胜,朗诵设计充分表达朗诵者对诗歌情感的理解。朗诵,由朗诵者带领听众理解文本。小组成员就赏析阶段展示的诗歌,预先练习,讲究技巧和方法,读出情味与韵律,结合作业本P12练习,配合下列学习单进行思考:

        根据以上内容设计朗读脚本(图三),同学们相互交流组合完善,形成最佳朗诵脚本,其次讨论明确各自的朗诵角色,然后排练修改,最后找到配乐、背景图片,小组合作展示朗诵。
              
                                     (图三)学生诗歌朗读脚本设计
        放学时间,学生各自占领一个角落,自觉排练,有疑问的地方,组员间相互反复琢磨,师生一起推敲,反复揣摩,共同进步,明白“重音”朗读,包括拖音、重读、轻读、颤音等,懂得了现代诗歌语言陌生化处理与病句的天壤之别……朗诵比赛得到了听课老师的高度评价,学生的成就感得到极大的提升,朗诵获得的感悟就更深刻了:

        
   
(二)导写:步步为营,体悟深入
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 诗歌的语言凝练简洁,诗歌的写作更需要我们脑洞大开。因为写作是需要天赋的,而天赋不是等来的,只有当写作能力到达一定水平,我们的天赋和灵感才会被激发。从模仿导写到全新创作,真正提升写作能力。
        1.角色体验,仿写激趣
        余光中的《乡愁》从一个游子的角度,以整齐的句式书写了离愁别绪、家国之思。在带着学生赏析、诵读完这首诗之后,我增加了“友谊”“幸福”“梦想”“快乐”等话题,让学生仿写。
         
        这样的仿写能把学生带入到特定情境中来,成为学生、孩子、画家、追梦人、朋友等多个角色,真正激发兴趣,实现了读者和诗歌、诗人的心灵对话。
        2.续写悟情,修改提升
        续写需要先了解前面诗歌情感、意象、表达方式、句式,再从不同角度提升主题。笔者首先选择抗击疫情的《水调歌头》(图四),填写最后两句,揣摩诗人表达对中华大地早日结束疫情,迎来平安生活的祝福。经过思考,学生写下了以下几种续写(图五)
           
                        (图四)诗歌续写题目           (图五)部分学生续写答案
经过讨论,大家一直把票投给了11、12,因为句子形式上有押韵,内容上紧扣祝福,还有引申和象征义,让大家明白现代诗的语言具有高度的凝练和诗意。
        然后引用了白连春的《加在一起》,出示前三节,后面让同学们续写完成后三节,诗歌内部有意象的小大对比,还有具体到抽象的升华。
        
        学生交上来的续写出现几大问题:
        1.模仿生硬(图六第一节和第二节,建议修饰词删除,添加上最后一列的意象)
        2.意象间关联性不强(图七的第二节“心灵”没有对应性,建议改成“怯者”)
        3.情感空洞,小节之间没有递进性(图六第一节和第二节关系并列,没有层次感)
        
(图六)问题诗             (图七)问题诗           (图八)示范诗
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 通过续写修改的活动,学生明确从意象的选择、词语的运用等养成诗歌写作与阅读的良好习惯。
        3.精彩创作,生发情怀
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 江南的雨来去匆匆,不经意会撞个满怀,江南的雨淅淅沥沥,冷不防拨动了你的心弦,笔者就以“雨”为题,让学生尝试创作。创作前,笔者以雨为中心,利用相似和相关联想搭建了桥梁:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 相似联想
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (1)形似体:珠帘、眼泪、银丝、心电图
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (2)声似体:音符、闹钟、心跳、风铃声
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (3)拟声词:淅淅沥沥、滴滴答答、叮叮咚咚
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 相关联想
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (1)事物:云、彩虹、风、雷电、苔藓、油纸伞、屋檐、田地、瀑布,庄稼、蚂蚁……
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (2)诗句:润物细无声,春潮带雨晚来急,两三点雨山前,天街小雨润如酥……
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 创作的诗歌如下:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 创作依然存在着问题,但是同学们的热心不减,纷纷呈上自己的“大作”,有的同学还进行了特别的包装——信札、书画等,大有诗人的情怀。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (三)导评:多元评价,习得规律
        给学生一个评价的标准作支点,他能给我们撬起一个精彩的诗歌天地。而来自教师、不同学科教师,同学、其他班级同学,家长、其他班级家长的点评,书面表格的量化,家长群的分享,作品户外的展示都大大激发学生的参与性,挖掘潜力,提升诗歌赏读与写作能力。
        1.讨论标准,动态生成   
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 九年级同学,通过前面两年的学习,尤其八下演讲单元,积累了一定的评价经验,笔者要求小组合作,从第一单元和九上语文书12到14页中涉及到的《艾青诗选》任选一首诗歌,制作成PPT进行展示,同时下发评价量表,学生要求加入评价分,我接受修改。
        朗诵阶段,针对教师下发的诗歌朗诵评分表,同学们也修改比对完善,经过讨论,增加了上下场,普通话,时间等评价标准,图九、图十两张表格对比如下:
           
(图九)修改前表格                 (图十)修改后表格
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 动态生成的评价表更接地气,每位同学认真听展示,认真笔记,不仅从诗歌情感理解,还从PPT制作,组员展示风采等方面积极点评,为下一组同学的展示提出更严格的要求。
        2.口头品评,表格量化
(1)及时指导,稳步前进
        围绕评价量表,各小组趁双休日开启紧张的准备模式。现在以906班第四组为例,以下是笔者的每次指导修改记录:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 该小组在最后的展示中,每位同学沉着解说,侃侃而谈,资料详尽,情感分析到位,板书重点突出,备受大家称赞,获得第一名的好成绩!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
(2)展示点评,激流勇进
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 每组展示后,其他小组组员在评分表中及时评价,对所给分讲明理由,允许展示组解释反驳,在一次次的思维碰撞中更加明确诗歌赏析的多种策略,明确艾青诗歌的意象、艺术特色等。同时畅所欲言的点评,客观公正地评价,也让其他的组吸取教训,扬长避短。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 而每次朗诵时,每位同学认真比对表格中的每项标准,并注明原因,以便点评时有理有据地评价给分。此外每天都把相应的视频放家长群、备课组群里分享,不仅孩子更有积极性,家长、老师们也参与到活动中来了。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
(3)走出班级,精益求精
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 为了激发同学们的积极性,我抽时间在备课组里分享,2班教师热情邀请我们同学展示。我首先叫来组长修改,要求板块明确,焦同学介绍了词的结构,蔡同学分析诗人和分析背景,李同学从修辞角度分析上阕;闻组长从重点字词角度分析情感,并明确感情基调,茹同学自信朗诵,张同学解析总结主题。
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 中午2班老师发来图片,为同学们的展示点赞。之后他们又接受11班的邀请去展示,看到他们兴奋的回来跟其他请同学分享,自豪之情无以言表!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3.借助反思,落地生根
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 第一轮小组展示后,我进行了及时的书面反思,每位同学针对自己在活动中的优劣表现和各小组的优点客观反思、评价,也可以谈自己在这次诗歌赏析活动中的成长经历。有话则长,无话则短。结果发现,几乎所有同学都写了满满两页,70%的同学重温了诗歌赏析的多种策略,能结合实例具体分析。其它也有部分同学在深刻反思展示中的遗憾与不甘;也有80%的同学在最后都表达,如果有类似的活动,下次一定好好抓住机会。
        
        整个活动结束,我趁十一假期,让孩子们把自己在活动期间的每一步成长稍加修改,整理成一本“诗歌伴我成长”的小册子,加封面、目录,并邀请美术教师指导。假期结束,上交的作品展出,获得老师和同学的交口称赞,还张贴在学校宣传栏展示!   
   
部分同学“诗歌伴我成长”的小册子
四、结语:现代诗歌活动·探究单元教学之思考
        (一)教学相长,师生共成长
        为期三周的诗歌活动·探究单元,笔者每天从孩子们对语文课的期待和年级组其他学科教师的羡慕中特别感受到从教的幸福感,走进教室,就像走进生机盎然、诗情画意的神奇空间,卸下一切重压、享受清风明月,轻嗅满园花香……生活在诗意盎然的校园中,孩子们也在繁重的运算和背诵中醒来,露出无邪笑容,洋溢着青春无穷的创造力。
        感动于教研组长的评价:如果给你们一个舞台,换上服装,打亮镁光灯,你们的朗诵不亚于一台精彩纷呈的晚会……感动于同学面对最后的“诗歌伴我成长”的小册感慨“诗歌是触及人类心灵的美妙音符,更是我们摁下的幸福宝典开关” 。
        
(二)任重道远,架构知识体
        本次活动笔者自创了一案三导的模式,探究了现代诗歌活动·探究单元的教学,分享了个人在运用三导策略的诗歌教学案例,收效明显。三导在活动探究中的首次运用,成效明显,但在一些细节上存在些小问题,有待进一步完善,如何让每一位同学借助导读导写导评模式建构一个完整的语文活动探究知识体系,需要我们一线语文教师继续上下求索!

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