“动静”结合的完形填空——以2020年昆明市中考完形为例

发表时间:2020/12/22   来源:《中国教师》2020年第17卷9月第25期   作者: 沈 岚
[导读] 本文立足于2020年昆明市中考完形填空题型,详细分析了如何进行考后试卷讲评
        沈   岚
        云南民族大学附属中学     
        摘要:本文立足于2020年昆明市中考完形填空题型,详细分析了如何进行考后试卷讲评。通过师生互评和小组合作的学习方式,遵循讲错题—讲方法—讲规律—讲变化—及时练,解决试卷中完形填空的难点,澄清共性错误, 掌握答题技巧。同时,学生归纳思维得到训练提升,及时训练,真正理解并灵活运用,从做题技巧进一步升华为阅读解题能力。

        关键词:完形填空;语篇思维;动态知识;静态知识

一.引言
        试卷讲评课是通过分析学生考试情况、讲解考试中存在的共性错误的方式,帮助教师弥补教学上的疏漏、帮助学生巩固知识内容并提高其学习能力的一种课型。其目的不仅在于弄清楚某个具体问题的答案,更重要的是借助试卷讲评的方式帮助学生复习、巩固所学知识,查缺补漏,形成正确的解题思路并提高综合运用知识的能力。在复习课中,试卷讲评课一直都是一个不可缺少的环节,其效果直接影响着学生的应试能力、语言能力和学习能力。
        完形填空属于语言知识综合运用题型,目的在于考查学生综合运用英语的能力;既要求熟练掌握课程标准词汇的词义、用法与搭配,更要求学生具备较强的阅读理解能力,能准确把握文章的细节,通过上下文做出正确的判断与选择。  
二. 语篇分析
        2020年昆明市中考完形填空,侧重于上下文的实际连贯性以及篇章结构分析;从情感态度价值观看,篇章立足“正能量的传递”,与社会热点和主流价值观吻合。
三.学情分析

        根据考试结果数据发现, 14班同学在完形填空方面还存在不足(10题有7题低于年级平均分),因此试卷讲评课重点放在完形填空上,希望能够弥补了学生在平时作业中出现的不能及时解决的问题,帮助学生正确掌握英语单词的词义,熟练运用英语词汇,系统巩固完形填空做题技巧,优化学生的思维品质,同时小组合作探讨方式还能激发学生学习英语的兴趣和培养他们良好的团结互助、互帮互学的能力,达到了二次复习(查漏补缺)的目的。
        学生解题的失分点在于:①没有遵循答题步骤:拿到试卷急于选择答案,单纯求快,忽略语篇理解,只见树木(基础知识)不见森林(语篇情境);②不注意积累答题技巧:忽略上下文之间的照应关系,遇到长句不注意分析句子结构,在语义模糊的情况时抱碰运气的心理随意作出选择,比如41题。
四. 教学目标
通过这节课的学习,学生能够:
1.通过问题引导,提取语篇大意,梳理文章结构,解决试卷中完形的难点,澄清共性错误, 掌握答题技巧;
2.借助上下文逻辑语境和上下文词汇重现以及固定搭配,理解关键词汇;
3.通过小组讨论和互相讲评,获得并积累完形填空答题的策略与经验。
五. 教学过程
Stage 1  Lead- in (By showing pictures)
The cloze is like a jigsaw.
Without clue, we can’t put pieces together to form a picture.
Discourse(语篇) is the key.
Stage 2 Cloze Analysis
Step 1读: 研读首句,快速浏览,推断文章体裁和大意。
Task 1: Look through quickly and infer writing style and main idea
Writing style: argumentation (议论文)
Main idea: Spread love and care by“Paying it forward”.
Step 2填: 注重语篇,前后联系,先易后难,逐个击破。
Task 1: Read quickly and answer the questions.
Question 1: What’s “pay it forward” mean?
“Paying it forward” is to do something nice for another person for no reason. Then that person can do something nice for someone else.
Question 2: What are the characteristic (特点) of “pay it forward” ?
                                          1.spread fast
        the characteristic (特点) of  2. needn’t spend money
       “pay it forward”        3. do small but happy things
Task 2: Detailed Analysis
Clue 1: the meaning of “pay it forward”
        Do you know what “pay it forward” means? It’s not paying for something before you buy it. “Paying it forward” is to do something nice for another person for no ___36____. Then that person can do something nice for someone else.
(    ) 36. A. space        B. action    C. reason 
解析:根据词义和固定搭配,for no reason 毫无理由的(出自于九年级课本Unit 10 3a The Shirt Of a Happy Man (Part I ))
Clue 2: “pay it forward” spreads fast
        You may think it doesn’t seem like much. But this nice act can spread quite_____37___.
        One day in December 2015, a woman was buying a meal at McDonald’s on Florida, US. She also ___38____ a meal for the person standing in line behind her. That person did the same thing, and the next person did, ___39_____. Soon, 250 people had done another person the act of ___40_____!
(    ) 37. A. fast      B. slowly    C. hardly
(    ) 38. A. made      B. bought    C. sold
(    ) 39. A. too      B. either    C. also
(    ) 40 A. madness      B. politeness    C. kindness
解析:根据“a woman was buying a meal”,可知38题属于原词重复; 39题根据 “That person did the same thing, and the next person did”为肯定句,结合语法,肯定句句末用too;结合main idea 和上下文可知,40题应选择kindness。根据第三段 “Soon, 250 people had done another person the act of kindness.”可知37题填fast。
Clue 3:people don’t need spend money
        But you ____41____ spend money to pay it forward. There are examples of paying it forward every day like volunteering , giving food to ___42_____ or doing some other nice things for someone around you.
(    ) 41. A. would like to      B. are supposed to    C. don’t need to
(    ) 42. A. the rich      B. the homeless    C. the missing
解析:根据“volunteering” 和 “doing some other nice things for someone around you”,可知42题应选the homeless, give food to the homeless。因此,41题是没必要花钱。
Clue 4: people do small but happy things
        Try it out for ___43_____. All you have to do is to look for ___44_____ things that you could do to make someone happy. Then, ask them to spread the word and do three kind things for someone else. And when someone does something nice for you, don’t ___45_____ to do the same!
(    ) 43. A. myself      B. yourself    C. itself
(    ) 44. A. small      B. awful    C. strange
(    ) 45. A. agree      B. forget    C. decide
解析:43题是个祈使句,省略了主语“you”。44题根据后文中的定语“things that you could do to make someone happy”可知是small。45题,“当别人为你做了好事时,不要忘了也为别人做相同的事”。
Step 3 读: 复读全文,逐个核对,反复验证。
How to check answers?
Tips:1. 语法和固定搭配用法在上下文中是否符合逻辑;
        2. 上下句的衔接是否连贯;
        3. 整体结构、语义及逻辑是否一致。
Stage 3 Discussion and Discovery
Step 1 总结2020年昆明市中考英语完形填空的设空特点:

Stage 4 Exercise
Step 1 Exercise (another cloze)
Step 2 Check and discuss in groups
Step 3 Students analysis


六. 结语
        本节课学生能切实的感受到语篇情境是完形填空的突破口和关键,在训练中学生能从整体到细节,联系上下文语境和逻辑。英语试卷讲评课是初三英语备考中一个极为重要的环节,一节高质量的讲评课会很大程度地提升学生的复习效率。因此,教师在讲评过程中,一定要做好充足的准备,在梳理知识点、考点的同时,尽可能地启发学生思考,让学生做主体,提高其课堂参与度,并引导学生对解题思路和技巧进行归纳总结。通过高效的试卷讲评课,帮助学生提高复习效率的同时,提高学生的学习能力,增强学生的文化意识,培养学生的思维品质,完成初中英语学科的课程目标,进一步促进学生英语学科核心素养的养成与发展。



参考文献:
Corder, S. P. (1981). Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sandra Lee McKay. (2013). The Reflective Teacher: A Guide to Classroom Research (5th ed.). Beijing: People’s Education Press.
戴炜栋(Dai,W.-D.)、束定芳(Shu,D.-F.),(1994),对比分析、错误分析和中介语研究的若干问题,《外国语》,第5期,1-7页。
中华人民共和国教育部,(2011),《义务教育英语课程标准》。北京:北京师范大学出版社。
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