郭小春
广州市从化区流溪中学
摘要：高考英语实施了改革，读后续写作为一种新的题型成为了广大师生在备考过程中的重要组成部分。在备考过程中通过阅读来积累优美的表达，融会贯通。以期灵活运动到写作中，提高写作技能，有效完成读后续写。
关键词：新高考 读后续写 语篇阅读 素材 微技能
引言
题型解读
读后续写是新高考英语科目中的新题型，旨在对学生阅读和写作技能进行综合考查。该题型提供一段350词以内的语言材料，要求考生依据该材料内容、所给段落开头语和所标示关键词（浙江卷）进行续写（150左右），将其发展成一篇与给定材料有逻辑衔接且情节和结构完整的短文。主要考查学生的想象力和创新表达能力、对文章的准确理解能力、对故事情节的构思能力，以及用特定划线词汇创意表达的能力。因此，读后续写考查了学生阅读、分析、创造和写作等多方面技能。
读后续写中的浙江卷和山东卷一般以记叙文为主(见下表)。记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主，以写人物的经理和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体形式。该题型的启用在培养学生的综合语言运用能力（尤其是阅读和写作）和思维品质（尤其是想象能力和创新精神）方面将发挥积极作用，这完全符合国家考试改革的理念和课程标准的要求。
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备考策略
要写好续写文章，理解文本是第一步。对于记叙文阅读，首先要抓住记叙文的六要素，即when, who, where, what, why, how. 因此，在阅读过程中应该把握好故事的要素、主旨大意和主题语境等基本信息。同时，需要根据阅读材料和初步掌握的信息分析故事中的人物性格、场景特点、语篇结构和语言风格等来获取深层信息，以便在构思情节时综合续写段落开头语和所标示的关键词对续写部分的情节进行合理推断。使故事情节不仅符合现实发生的真实场景，同时也与前文保持逻辑上的连贯。因此，故事中的人物性格、场景特点、语篇结构和语言风格等深层信息的分析对于推动情节发展，结构是否紧凑，与所提供各段开头句衔接是否符合逻辑，刻画人物形象是否丰满， 回扣阅读材料是否合理等都起到非常重要的指导作用。
《考试说明》中评分原则部分规定，读后续写阅卷时按5个档次给分。参考最高档次（21-25分的描述并考虑写作部分评分的其他因素可以得出，一篇优秀的读后续写具备内容丰富充实，与所给短文融洽连贯；词汇丰富高级，语法准确多变；词数充分等特征。根据评分原则很容易判断一篇读后续写的档次高低。可是当认真品读每一篇优秀的读后续写后，不难发现这样上档次的文章总恰到好处把握了阅读文本的脉络，合理的情节设定。最重要的是总会有一些生动、细腻的描写。也正是这些描写突出和展示了文章的优秀和高超的英语语言运用能力。
综合的语言运用能力的提高和养成并非短时间形成的一时之功，而是长久的积累的厚积薄发。需要在大量的阅读中去鉴赏、甄别、收集、整理和运用。将各种描写细话之后可以分类为动作描写，神态描写，心理描写，外貌描写，场景描写以及环境描写等。这类细节描写在新高考改革之后使得英语语言运用能力提升到了文学的层面。如果没有长期的积累无异于“无米之炊”。写作语言只会是干涩，无味的语言堆砌，毫无生动、形象可言。打破这样的局面的备考方略便是以读促写，通过阅读来积累素材以备不时之需。
一．注重课内语篇阅读中细节描写素材的积累
教材中的阅读语篇都是精选过的材料。其中各种的细节描写是都是极具代表性的好词好句。在阅读和学习过程中有针对，有目的的这些好的素材进行赏析，通过设计适当的练习让学生进行运用和巩固，不断收集积累，融会贯通。达到以读促写的目的。也只有这样，学生在进行读后续写时才会下笔有神，写作的微技能得以展示。
1.动作描写
动作描写是读后续写最重要的描写方式。动作描写要围绕续写文章的主题而设计，不能漫无边际的发挥。稳重、突出人物特点的动作描写使故事连贯流畅。它着重身体动作描写，多用具体性词汇，而不是使用笼统性词汇。只有这样才能使故事更加形象生动。描写动作时可以增添形容词、副词和介词短语等，使动作更加具体，表达更加到位。
素材1：B8u5 Meeting your ancestors The Feast : 18,000 BC
More tools were in a pile with other sharp arrowheads and stone axe-heads. He chose one large stone and began to use it like a hammer striking the edge of the scraper that needed sharpening. Now and then Dahu would stop, look at it and try it against his hand before continuing his task.
素材2：B7u3 Under the Sea
Without pausing we jumped into the boat with the other whales and headed out into the bay. I looked down into the water and could see Old Tom swimming by the boat, showing us the way. A few minutes later, there was no Tom, so George started beating the water with his oar and there was Tom, circling back to the boat, leading us to the hunt again.
2.情绪和情感描写
在读后续写中，描写人物的情绪与情感是常用的描写方法，恰当的情绪和情感描写能够表现稳重人物的性格，推动事件的发展。在描述人物情绪与情感时要突出文章的中心，与人物的性格吻合，符合事件发展的逻辑，所以，选用恰当的词句通过情绪与情感描写精确地刻画人物的内心世界非常的重要。
人物情感描写是对人物在特定环境下产生的想法、感触、联想等心理活动的描写，旨在深刻地解释人物的精神世界。其实，情感描写就是将人物内心的喜怒哀惧、秘密和矛盾，生动具体地呈现给读者。可分为两大类：一类是直接描写。它包括：内心独白、梦境幻觉描写等；另一类是间接描写。它可借助人物的外貌、语言、动作、环境等来刻画人物的情感。最具有代表性的语篇是人教版的B7u2 Robots。这篇阅读语篇值得反复的体会和赏析！
素材1：B7u2 Robots
情感的变化：
felt alarmed --felt embarrassed/disturbing/frightening -- began to trust -- was amazed /absurd -- Tony was a “dear” -- screamed /pushed / ran – shouted/ran/cried
动作的描写：
He held her firmly in his arms and she felt the warmth of his body. She screamed, pushed him away and ran to her room for the rest of the day.
Then she remembered --- Tony was just a machine. She shouted “Leave me alone” and ran to her bed. She cried all night.
内心想法：
What a sweet victory to be envied by those women! She might not be as beautiful as them, but none of them had such a handsome lover.
3.心理描写
心理描写就是对人物内心的思想活动进行描写。描写人物的思想活动，能反应人物的性格，展示人物的内心世界。所以，心理描写也是刻画人物思想性格的重要手段之一。当然，心理描写还可以细腻、生动、珍视地展示人物的心路历程，从而更好地解释出人物的性格特点。通过对人物心理的描写，能够直接深入人物心灵，解释人物的内心世界，表现人物丰富而复杂的思想感情。也可以让文章更生动，有新意，并且能写出自己的看法和感受，让文章更充实。
素材1： B8u4 Pygmalion Fateful Meeting & Making The Bet
Eliza的心理描写 : hopefully –disappointed at the outcome, but thinking it is better than nothing – sees a man taking notes and feels worried – begins to cry – still worried – looking confused –looking at the collected money in amazement – upset – happier – gratefully sobbing – still weeping
Higgins得心理描写 : rudely – proudly – ignores her – carelessly throws a handful of money into her basket – Laughing – disappointed – ignoring Eliza and speaking to Pickering – heartily (throw her back)
4. 外貌和个性描写
外貌描写包括人物的身材、容貌、服饰、打扮以及表情、仪态、风度、习惯性特点等。肖像描写是对人物外貌的一种静态描写。其目的是以“形”传“神”，刻画人物的性格特征，反应人物的内心世界。肖像描写一般可以细化为对人物的衣着打扮、体型以及五官的描写。根据人物面部特征、人物性别和年龄差异运用恰当的比喻、夸张、联想等修辞手法。
人物个性描写在刻画人物形象，凸显人物个性的过程中有不可替代的重要作用。人物的语言必须个性化，符合人物独特的身份、地位、年龄、职业、心理状态、文化教养等，使读者闻其言便知其人。另外，人物个性描写要符合其生活经历和思想性格，特别要写出人物的个性特征和精神面貌。
素材1： B4u2 A Pioneer For All People
Although he is one of China's most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research. Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades.
素材2： b7u2 Robots
His name was Tony and he seemed more like a human than a machine. He was tall and handsome with smooth hair and a deep voice although his facial expression never changed.
素材3： b8u5 The Feast: 18,000 BC
Just the a tall man came up behind her. He had a large , square face, with strongly pronounced eyebrows and cheekbones. Over his shoulder he carried several fish and some pieces of wood under his arm.
素材4： B8u4 Pygmalion
Nearby a flower girl wearing dark garments and a woolen scarf is also sheltering from the rain.
Eliza comes into the room shyly following Mrs Pearce. She is dirty and wearing a shabby dress. She curtsies to the two men.
5.环境描写
环境描写是指对人物所处的具体的社会环境和自然环境的描写。其中，社会环境是指能反映社会，时代特征的建筑、场所、陈设等劲舞以及民俗民风等。自然环境是指自然界的劲舞，如季节变化、风霜雨雪、山川湖海、森林原野等。在读后续写时要着重事件发生的地理位置和天气变化等。
素材1： B1u1 Anne’s Best Friend
I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.
The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.
素材2： B7u3 Under The Sea A new Dimension of Life
The first thing I become aware of was the vivid colors surrounding me – purples, reds, oranges, yellows, blues and greens. The corals were fantastic – they were shaped like fans, plates, brains, lace, mushrooms, the branches of trees and the horns of deer. And all kinds of small, neat and elegant fish were swimming in and around the corals.
6. 背景场景描写
场景是由人、事、环境组合起来的综合画面。因此，它即需要面面俱到，又不能平均使用力量，而需要做到：有全貌有细节，有全景有特写，点面结合，重点突出。运用好五官，写出气氛。气氛是人在一定环境中看到的景象或感觉到的一种情绪和感情。无论什么场景，都会有气氛。如：庆祝场面有欢乐的气氛；比赛场面有紧张的气氛；送别场面有难舍难分的气氛等。也可以从视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉和味觉这五个感觉来侧画写场景氛围。其次，要交代场景的背景。如活动场景发生的时间、地点、环境等，这样人们才知道对应场景是在怎样的社会或自然环境中发生的。
素材1: B1u4 A Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep
Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeast Hebei. For three days the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell. Farmers noticed that the well walls had deep cracks in them. A smelly gas came out of the cracks. In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat. Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide. Fish jumped out of their bowls and ponds. At about 3:00 am on July 28,1976,some people saw bright lights in the sky. The sound of planes could be heard outside the city of Tangshan even when no planes were in the sky. In the city, the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst. but the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night.
素材2： B7u3 Under the Sea
Well, it’s teamwork – the killers over there are throwing themselves on top of the whale’s blow-hole to stop it breathing. And those others are stopping it diving or fleeing out to sea.
素材3： B8u4 Pygmalion
11:15 pm in London, England in 1914 outside a theatre. It is pouring with rain and cab whistles are blowing in all directions.
7.人物对话的描写
人物对话主要指文中人与人之间的对话。成功的对话，对展示人物的身份、神态、情感以及内心世界，揭示人物思想品质，均起到十分重要的作用。其中对话者身份和对话之间的关系是相辅相成，互相成全的。人物的性格和心理的变化也往往通过人物的语气和口吻真实表现出来。在进行对话语言描写时不要偏离人设，不要偏离故事主线。也要避免可有可无的对话，对话内容应符合人物特点。因此，恰到好处的对话描写更能拉近人物和读者之间的距离，让文章添光加彩。
素材1： B3u3 The Million Pound Bank Note ActⅠ,Scene3 & ActⅠ,Scene4
Oliver : what luck! Brother, what luck!
Henry : Well, it may seem luck to you but not to me. If this is your idea of some kind of joke, I don’t think it’s very funny. Now, if you’ll excuse me, I think I’ll be on my way.
素材2： B8u4 Pygmalion Act One Fateful Meeting &Act Two Making The Bet
H: Why! I’ve got this girl in my records. She’s the one we saw the other day. She’s no use at all. Take her away.
CP: What do you want, young lady?
E: I wanna be a lady in a flower shop ‘stead o’ selling flowers in the street. But they won’t take me ‘less I speak better. So here I am, ready to pay him. I’m not asking for any favors- and he treats me like dirt.
二．注重课外语篇阅读中细节描写素材的积累
课外有大量的经典文学作品，里面有大量值得学习和摘抄的优美细节描写得句子。例如: Great Expectations 《远大前程》、 Tess of the d’Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》、Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》，以及Little Princess 《小王子》、Harry Potter 《哈利波特》 等这些近年来比较受欢迎的小说。当然原著阅读难度比较大，对于高中学生，可以选择适合相当阅读水平的各类简易版来进行阅读。
结束语
在读后续写教学中，教师主要指导学生分析文本、绘制思维导图、根据关键词与两个段首句合理预测续写内容，而对具体怎么写的指导不够。学生很大程度上在写作时只关注情节，不知如何拓展内容和展开细节描写，导致续写部分词数不足，内容单调，空洞。因此，在基础年级和平时的阅读学习和赏析过程中，注重素材的积累，不断增强在写作过程中细节描写得意识，做到他山之石可以攻玉。相信以丰富的积累，可以让读后续写技能得到提升，写出好的读后续写。
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