巧设写作情境 激发智慧火花

发表时间:2021/3/11   来源:《中小学教育》2020年第32期   作者:王森荣 
[导读] 发展学生的思维品质是初中英语写作教学的重要任务
        王森荣 
        嵊州市初级中学 
        【摘 要】发展学生的思维品质是初中英语写作教学的重要任务。本文以一节单元复习写作课为例,从思维的逻辑性、批判性、创造性等方面阐述了如何在写作教学中发展学生的思维品质。
【关键词】思维品质;写作教学;逻辑思维;批判性思维;创造性思维

一、前言
        义务教育阶段的英语课程承担着培养学生基本英语素养和发展学生思维能力的任务,即英语教学不仅要让学生掌握语言知识,发展语言技能,还要进一步促进他们思维能力的发展(教育部,2012)。随着中国学生发展核心素养框架的出台,英语学科提出了基于语言能力、文化品格、思维品质和学习能力四个维度的核心素养构架。(张金秀,2016)。
思维品质是指人的思维的个性特征,反映其在思维的逻辑性、批判性、创造性等方面所表现出的水平和特点(陈琳,2016)。思维品质的培养途径有很多种,写作课作为初中阶段十分重要的课型,是培养学生思维品质的重要途径。在写作教学中发展学生的多种思维能力是写作教学的重要任务,也是核心价值的重要体现(张旭,2016)。然而,目前的写作教学往往将语言知识和语言能力的培养放在了最重要的位置,而对于学生思维品质的培养并没有深入的关注.写作活动只是注重重复和模仿,学生缺少思考、质疑的空间和时间。因此,如何在写作课中培养学生的思维品质,是教师必须关注并探索的课题。本文以本人执教的一节一师一优课的视频课为例(教学内容为人教版Go for it九年级第五单元Section B 3a-3b &self-check),全景式地展现在写作课中发展学生思维品质的途径和方法。
二、指向学生思维品质发展的写作教学实践
1. 教学设计说明
Part One   Pre-writing
教师课前播放五组分布于祖国东南西北中的工艺品的图片,配以优美的音乐让学生欣赏。
T: Before class, let’s enjoy some nice pictures. Please watch carefully and answer my questions later.
T:OK, class. What did you see just now?
S1: (I saw different kinds of artworks in China.)
T: Good. And are they beautiful?
Ss: (Yes)
T: Yeah, they look beautiful. But do you know what they are made of and where they are made? First, let’s look at this picture. What’s this?
S2:( A quilt.)
T: What is it made of?                          
S2: (Silk.)                  
T: Where is it made?
S2: (In Hangzhou.)
Repeat with the other four pictures.(A bowl/ copper/in Beijing) ,(A rabbit/ jade/ In Xinjiang) ,(A house/wood/ In Hainan),(Terra Cotta Warriors/clay/In Shanxi).
T: Now please take out this paper and finish self-check 1 and 2.
Ss: …….
T: OK, who can share your sentences with us?
Ss:…….
        设计意图:(设计此环节目的有三,一则是为了复习操练本单元的语言知识一般现在时态下的被动语态,如be made in, be made of/from等内容。二则是为了处理掉self-check1 & 2这个教学内容,因为本堂课定位为单元的写作复习课,单独处理显得过于突兀,故放在写前环节一起处理。三则是为接下去导入家乡的艺术品做好铺垫。)
T: Now look at the map of China carefully. We can see Hangzhou silk in the east, Hainan wood carving in the south, Xinjiang Hetian jade in the west, Beijing cloisonné in the north and Terra Cotta Warriors in the center. It seems that each part of China has its own beautiful artworks, right?
Ss: Yes
T: Then what about our hometown, Shengzhou? Can you think of any nice artworks here?
Ss: (Shengzhou bamboo weaving, root carving, wood carving and clayman)
设计意图:(从全国各地的艺术品过渡到家乡的艺术品,由远及近,由陌生到熟悉,符合学生的认识规律,过渡也比较自然顺畅。另外由于家乡的艺术品的表达会有一些生词出现,我提前一天让学生回去网上搜索了相关信息,如嵊州竹编,嵊州根雕,泥人等)
T: Yeah, as we all know, Shengzhou bamboo weaving is one of the most famous artworks in our hometown. And nowadays more and more visitors become interested in it. Last month, a group of foreigners come to Shengzhou Art Village, what did they do there? Let’s take a look.
S: They learned how to make bamboo artworks.
T: How did they feel?
S: They felt very excited.
T: Why do you think so?
S: Because I think they were amazed by its beauty.
T: Super great! And next month another group of visitors will come here. If you are a volunteer there, what will you introduce about Shengzhou bamboo weaving?
Ss:……
T: Now let’s try to find the answers to the questions on the Bb? Who can?
S:…….
T:OK, so far, we have learned a lot about Shengzhou bamboo weaving. As a student in Shengzhou, do you want more visitors to learn about it?
Ss: Yes.
T: OK, In order to invite more and more tourists to come to Shengzhou, Shengzhou Tourism Bureau(嵊州市旅游局) would like to make a new travel guidebook(旅行指南) about Shengzhou.
Can you offer help?
Ss: Yes.
T: Good. All of us are so helpful and thank you for loving our hometown. And here Mr Wang also made a new travel guidebook and wrote a passage about bamboo weaving. Now let’s read it aloud together.
        设计意图:(通过呈现一组外宾来嵊州艺术村参观竹编工艺品,让学生更加深切的感受到家乡艺术品的美轮美奂。然后通过询问一位学生你作为志愿者会怎样介绍家乡的竹编,并且把这些问题以mind-map的形式进行板书,这样就较为自然地处理了3a这个环节,最后通过另外一个学生对这些问题进行回答,也为接下去的写作积累了语言知识和写作素材。为了把家乡的特产集中起来,我专门设计制作了一本旅行指南,本堂课的写作任务就是要求学生在这本旅游指南上介绍家乡的特产。当然,学生写作前除了写作的语言储备之外,也离不开写作策略的指导,为此,我站在学生的角度上,写了一篇家乡竹编的作文,当然我故意卖了一些破绽,主要是为了引出接下去的写作策略的指导。)
T: Is the passage good enough?
Ss: No.
T: OK, now let’s pull together to make it better!
T: First, look at these parts of the passage. Sentence One: Of course, bamboo weaving artworks are made of bamboo. Pay attention the phrase of course, can you think of another phrase to take the place of it?
S: ……
T: What about this phrase, read it.
Ss:……..
T: OK, now another try. Sentence Two. Pay attention to the word like. Can you use other phrases instead?
Ss:……..
T: So, with the help of these good phrases, is the passage much better?
Ss: Yes.
T: OK, here comes Tip 1: Use good phrases.
T: let’s go on. Sentence One. Can you use other sentence patterns instead?
S:……
T: Yeah, super good. What about this sentence?
S:…….
T: OK, so……that …….another sentence pattern. Thank you. Can you find more sentences in the passage that are not good enough by yourself?
S:……
T: What is the problem?
S:…..
T: Can you make it better?
S: No.
T: Who can?
S:…..
T: Very good. And how about this sentence, read it.
Ss:…….
T: So with the help of these different sentence patterns, is the passage much better?
Ss:…….
T: OK, here comes Tip 2: Use different sentence patterns.
T: Now let’s move to these sentences. Can you try to put the two sentences together using proper linking word?
S:…….
T: Not only……but also……..it is a good linking word. What about this sentence? Who can?
S:………
T: So with the help of these proper linking words, is the passage much better?
Ss:…….
T: OK, here comes Tip 3: Use proper linking words.
T: Now look at the new passage, how many paragraphs are there?
S:……
T: What is Para 1about?
S: Introduction.
T: What about para 2?
S: Facts.
T: And para 3?
S: Opinions.
T: So does the passage have a clear framework?
Ss: Yes.
T: And with the help of the clear framework, is the passage much better?
Ss:……..
T: OK, here comes Tip 4: Have a clear framework.
        设计意图:(我从文章中节选了部分需要完善的内容,让学生加以改进使文章得到升格。同时,也润物无声地渗透了use good phrases, use different sentence patterns, use proper linking words这三个策略,至于最后一个策略,我通过提问学生每个段落大意,让学生自己总结出篇章内部的框架和块状结构,然后自然生成了好的文章要有清晰的框架)
T: Besides bamboo weaving, what other specials can you think of in our hometown?
S:……..
T: OK, now four students as a group. Choose one of your favorite specials, one group, one special. Then share your information about the special with other partners.
Ss:……..
                                Part Two While-writing
T:OK, now it’s writing time. Write the special down in the travel guidebook of Shengzhou. Make sure that all the information on the Bb is included and all the tips are used while writing? Are you ready?
Ss: OK, let’s go.
(The teacher walks around the classroom while the students are writing. Offer help if necessary.)
设计意图:(写作时我再次让学生关注了板书的两块内容,一是介绍特产时要写什么,即板书的思维导图内容。二是让学生关注怎么写,即板书的写作策略内容,学生在指导了写什么和怎么写之后,就不会再有无从入手的感觉啦。)
                                Part Three Post-writing
T: Now let’s share Chen Nuo’s writing. Let’s read it together.
Ss:……..
T: What do you think of her passage?
S: Perfect.
T: Why?
Ss:………
        设计意图:(通过学生的视角来点评这篇习作好在哪里,然后让学生马上从文章中哪些内容体现了这些策略,再次给学生提供了关注写什么和怎么写的机会。同时,让学生通过写家乡的特产小笼包,也使学生更好的了解家乡,热爱家乡。让孩子们因家乡拥有这么丰富的特产而骄傲,无形中也熏陶了孩子们家乡情结。)
                                Part Four Homework
T: Homework today. 1.Finish self-check 3.
 2.Copy another group’s passage about one special in Shengzhou in your travel guidebook and make a comparison.
T: After you finish your homework, this travel guidebook will be completed. I do believe with the help of this guidebook, more and more visitors will come to Shengzhou. Now let’s say something together to them.
Ss: Shengzhou is a good place to have fun. There are many specials here. Welcome to Shengzhou!
设计意图:(完成第一个self-check这个任务,是希望把教材里的教学内容进行完整的涵盖。因为本堂课的教学内容是3a,3b & self check.而通过完成第二个任务,让学生把其他小组介绍其他家乡特产的作文抄写再自己的旅游指南上,如嵊州领带,炒年糕等。这样整个旅游指南便完整啦,另外,也可以让学生学习借鉴其他同学的优点和长处,取长补短,为己所用。最后一个环节是基于这样的考虑,因为这是一堂视频课,是很好的一次宣传家乡,推介家乡的机会,所以我让学生最后一起发出了Welcome to Shengzhou的热情邀请。 )
2. 基于学生思维品质发展的教学实践分析
        学生思维品质的高低主要反映在思维的逻辑性、批判性和创造性的水平上。本文着重从强化思维的逻辑性、发展思维的批判性和培养思维的创造性三个方面探讨本课例如何通过写作活动来培养和发展学生的思维品质。
(1)思维的逻辑性
        逻辑思维是人们在认识过程中借助于概念、判断、推理反映现实的过程,在逻辑思维中要用到分析、比较、归纳等方法,而掌握和运用这些思维方法的程度,就是逻辑思维的能力。
?① 在写作教学中培养学生的分析能力
        分析是将研究对象的整体分为各个部分,并分别加以考察的认识活动。本课例的以下两个活动成为了培养学生分析能力的有效载体。
活动1:在引出家乡的特产嵊州竹编后,教师询问学生:If you are a volunteer there, what will you introduce about Shengzhou bamboo weaving?然后教师以思维导图的形式将学生的回答进行板书。(见图1)。思维导图是隐性思维的显性工具(刘建军、曾凡莉,2016),具有信息检索、整理和生成的功能。该活动借助思维导图引导学生把分散的信息进行有效聚集和整理,从而在头脑中形成有关写作素材的系统性的框架结构。??

图1
活动2:在让学生运用写作策略对介绍嵊州竹编的文字进行升格后,我让学生再次齐读习作,并问一男生作文共有几段,每个段落的主旨大意是什么?该学生进过分析思考后得出了三段的大意分别为Introduction、Facts and Opinions,进而得出了在进行写作中要有清晰的框架意识。(见图2)
                 
                                图2
② 在写作教学中培养学生的比较能力   
        比较是判断两种事物之间共同点和不同点的方法。本课例的写前环节,教师在呈现祖国各地的五组工艺品后,要求学生结合自身的生活经验和认知能力谈谈家乡有哪些工艺品,这样处理可以让学生更好地进行比较、两者形成强烈鲜明的对比,从而更易使学生理解。
③  在写作教学中培养学生的归纳能力
        归纳是在比较的基础上,从许多个别的事物中概括出一般性概念、原则或结论的思维方式(夏谷鸣,2017)。本课例的前三个写作教学策略的指导中,教师分别选取了作文中不够完善的words,sentences and linking words,让学生在改进和升格作文的过程中,分别归纳出了use good phrases, use different sentence patterns, use proper linking words这三个策略。(见图3)
 
                                图3
(2)发展思维的批判性
        批判性思维能力是指能动、持续、细致地思考问题、信念、断言或知识形式,分析其前提、假设、概念、意涵或结论等,理性评估其清晰性、准确性、精确性、相关性、逻辑性、公正性、深度和广度等的能力(Paul & Elder,2012)本课例中,教师让学生把其他小组介绍其他家乡特产的作文抄写在自己的旅游指南上,然后让学生把自己的习作和同学的习作进行比较。通过这个活动,学生在独立思考的前提下,对他人习作中的观点进行批判和辩证地筛选,然后有选择地吸收别人的优点,最后引起对事物的重新思考,从而创造出自己的新观点。
(3)培养思维的创造性
        思维活动的创造性是指学生在实践体验活动中,能摆脱思维定势,敢于超越常规,重新架构原有知识,产生新的独特的想法和做法,从而创造性地解决问题(蒋健妹、秦益锋,2016)。本课例的以下两个教学活动教师对教学内容进行了创造性地整合和优化,同时对写作素材的形式也进行了更艺术和合理的处理和安排。
活动1:写前活动中,在导入家乡的工艺品嵊州竹编前,我选取了我国东南西北中的五组工艺品,然后把它们呈现在中国地图上询问学生:What are they made of? Where are they made? 最后要求学生把答案以书面形式写在self-check 1 & 2上。这样我把原本孤立地三个教学环节整合在了一个教学活动中,从而达到了一箭三雕的理想效果。(见图4)
                       
                                 图4
活动二:写中环节里,我让学生自由选择任意三种家乡的特产进行介绍,然后把
写作成果以书面形式呈现在一本制作精美的嵊州旅游指南里。(见图5)这样处
理后不仅使原本相对枯燥的写作活动变得生动有趣,而且教师提供学生自由选择
写作题目的机会,而不是固定单一的写作题目,这样更能激发学生的写作内动力
和创造性,从后来批改学生的习作得到的反馈结果来看,也达到了非常理想的教
学效果。不同学生从不同角度对家乡特产进行了精彩纷呈的介绍,甚至于有些内
容出乎于教师的意料之外。
                           
                                   图5                  
三、结语
        发展思维品质是英语教育的主要目标之一,也是写作教学的重要任务。而学生的思维品质并非与生俱来,其培养也是个漫长的过程。本文只是以一个课例为例,对在写作教学中培养学生的思维品质给出了浅显的分析。更为重要的是,在平时的写作教学中,教师要创造和谐、宽松的良好氛围,要允许学生提出不同的观点,这对于发展学生的思维品质尤其重要。同时,教师要练好内功,通过学习、观察、尝试等途径努力提升自己的思维品质水平。教师还需要合理利用教材,有效开展各种各样的写作活动,如此才能更好地促进学生思维品质的发展。
参考文献:
程晓堂.2009.英语教师课堂话语分析[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.教育部.2012.义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社.
鲁子问.2016.英语教育促进思维品质发展的内涵与可能[J].英语教师,(5):6-12.
夏谷鸣. 2017. 英语学科教学与思维品质培养[J].英语学习,(2):9-13.
张金秀.2016.英语学科思维品质培养面临的困境与对策[J].中小学外语教学(中学篇),(7):6-11.
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