陈绍炎
陕西省镇安中学 陕西省 商洛市711500
内容提要:新课标和英语考纲指出,英语高考题中,改错题是常考题型之一,旨在考查考生对语言的观察和评价能力,又考查学生在语篇中综合运用语言的能力。短文改错包含很多与写作有关的内容,如词汇、修辞、结构、行文逻辑等,考点的考查方式灵活多变。很多学生失分较多,容易拉开差距和档次,部分学生甚至没有掌握基本的做题思路,仅凭感觉“碰运气”。所以学生平时一定要注意积累更多的语言知识,扩大词汇量,掌握丰富的英语短语,了解更多的句型结构和习惯表达,这样在考试中才能游刃有余,迅速地找到错误并加以纠正。
关键词:词性 句子结构 句意 逻辑关系
一. 改错解题思路和检查原则
结合英语语言的特点规律,在理解文意的基础上,根据特定情境,分析句子结构。
1.认真分析,检查结构是否完整。例如:The reason why we attach importance to protecting our environment.误区:不熟悉句子结构,误把从句当主句,结构不完整。
2.谓语动词的时态、语态,My friend come to see me yesterday. 误区:come和yesterday不一致,应该用came.
3. 名词的单、复数,格的使用是否正确。例如:A great many people can afford an expensive house in big cities, 句中many people和a big house搭配有误;
4. 定冠词和不定冠词是否正确, 例如: In order to live the better life, it’s time for us to protect our world, 考察固定短语live a …life.
5. 代词的格和性的使用是否有误;
6. 定语从句中关系代词、关系副词是否准确无误The day when we are looking forward to came finally,引导词在句中作宾语,所以需要连接代词which或that;
7. 并列句中的并列连词、主从复合句中的从属连词用的是否得当。
总之,改动以最少为原则;虚词以添加或删除为原则;实词以改变词形为原则;以保持句子原意为原则。切记抓着个别信息,盲目理解,草率给出答案。
二. 短文改错解题步骤
通读全文,掌握大意;整句分析,逐行推敲;反复通读,复查验证。核对错项时,若的确有一时难以改出的地方,可以参考所改动项是否基本符合“1:1:8”的比例。即多一词1个,缺词1个,错词8个。核对改正的语法项目是否有重复。短文改错往往覆盖面广,一般不会出现重复考查某个语法点的现象。核对答题符号是否规范,位置是否准确,看看有无遗漏符号、忽略字母大小写和拼写等问题。
三.常见考点分析:
1. 看准时态,有的放矢:
真题链接:
(2018全国II) I didn’t realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.
解析:根据前面didn’t’和entered可知,将are改为were.
(2018全国I)I find a change there.
解析:由句中last winter holiday可知,将find改为found
(2020全国II) Actually, I start to learn kung fu when I was seven years old, for I have long been out of practice.
解析:根据语境I was seven years old,将start改为started。
(2020全国III) For example, every morning, my dad has to have the bowl of egg soup while I had to eat an apple.
解析:根据上下文确定是现在的时态,所以讲had改为have.
(2019年全国II)And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.
解析:根据语境分析,讲is改为was.
方法策略:时态题是改错题中的必考题,而且有增加的趋向。判断一个句子的时态和语态是否正确,要看以下几个方面:动作发生的时间和状态; 动作与主语的关系是主动还是被动;时态的表达形式是否正确;并列连词前后的时态是否一致;主从句的时态是否一致等。
①通读全文,确定时态(是现在还是过去);must等情态动词后用动词原形
②分析句子时间状语;上面真题中last Saturday, last week, since都是明显的时间状语。
③特殊句式:比如since(前完成后过去),in the last/past 时段(现在完成时),by 过去的时间(过去完成时),It is the first time that (从句用现在完成时)。
2. 注重逻辑,紧扣衔接。
⑴ 逻辑关系词是高考常考的必备内容之一,全国卷中年年都有考查。
常见的逻辑关系词总结如下:
①and, as well as, besides
②but, however, yet
③so, therefore
④or, otherwise
⑵ 特殊结构:
①I am sorry, but…;excuse me, but… 这两个句型中but用来解释说明理由,不表示转折关系
②祈使句+and/or 陈述句:顺承并列时用and; “否则要不然”用or.
Study harder and you can make rapid progress.
Wear more clothes or you will catch a cold.
Listen to the teacher carefully in the class and you can learn English well.
真题分析:
(2020全国I) First I cut the tomatoes into pieces but put them aside.
解析:根据句意,前后是并列关系,故将but改为and.
(2019全国I) Suddenly football feel just in front of me but almost hit me.
解析:根据句意,前后是顺承或者并列关系,所以讲but变成and.
(2019全国II) When I studied chemistry high school, I reconsidered mg goal or decided to be a doctor.
解析:是并列谓语,所以讲or变成and.
(2018全国I) I told my father that I planned to return every two years, but he agreed.
策略与方法:认真分析,结合语境,根据句意判断名词需用单数还是复数,既要考虑名词本身,还得注意其修饰词,确保主谓一致,准确无误。
(2)形容词和副词:
①形容词
A.作用和功能:做定语,表语,补语
B.修饰对象:名词或代词。
②副词:
A.作用和功能:状语
B.修饰对象:形容词,副词,介词短语,动词
③常见易错:well-good, straight-straightly, hard-hardly,
真题链接:
(2018全国I) I went to countryside to visit my grandparents.
解析:countryside表示特指,故加the.
(2018全国II) As the kid, I love to watch cartoons.
解析:as a child是固定搭配
(2020全国III) In order to make surely all of us are in good health, and she makes specific plans for us.
解析:是一个简单句,in order to 短语作状语,所以去掉and
(2020全国I). Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into pan together.
解析:上文提过的名词表示特指,所以用the.
方法与策略:冠词是名词的标志,看被修饰的名词是特指还是泛指;a, an 有数量“一”的意思,二the没有;熟悉零冠词的用法。
(4)非谓语动词:
①done 被动语态,完成时态; doing 主动语态,进行时态,
例:a developing country(进行),a developed country(完成),falling leaves(进行),fallen leaves(完成)
a sleeping baby(进行,主动),the broken window(被动,完成)
a walking stick (动名词),a walking man (现在分词),a swimming pool(动名词), a swimming boy(现在分词)
例题链接:
(2020全国III) My mom is really concerning with the health of everyone in our families.
解析:be connected with是固定搭配,所以改为connected。
(2020全国I) I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs.
解析:tomato和fry之间是被动关系。
巩固练习:
Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper. (enjoy后需接动名词,talk改为talking)
But his parents think go to college is more important than playing sports. (go作主语,应改为going)
Children may not develop the habit of read and the ability to enjoy themselves. (介词后用动名词形式作宾语,read改为reading)
I particularly enjoyed driving through the countryside with you and saw the changing colors of the leaves on the trees. (and连接的动名词前后不一致,故saw改为seeing)
②to do/ to doing
后接动词不定式的动词有:decide,want, refuse, hope, promise等
含有介词to的短语:be used to, be related to, be admitted to, be addicted to, pay attention to, look forward to, devote oneself to
方法策略:精读文意,紧扣上下文联系,准确理解句子结构。
总之,核心素养背景下,改错题旨在考察学生对英语语言的准确运用能力,除了掌握基本的词法、句法外,还要能透彻理解全文,并能通过上下文联系来判断句中的各种行文逻辑。用做阅读题的标准,端正态度,紧扣作者思路,明确写作意图。通读全文掌握大意,逐句分析,反复通读,复查验证。注意文章中上下文的逻辑关系是否正确,时态、人称、主谓等是否一致,特别是指代和肯定否定是否一致。聚焦出题热点、综合运用所学语言知识,再次通读全文,校对改过的答案是否正确。只有认真分析,谨慎诊断,才能独具慧眼,准确找到错误所在,在高考中减少不必要的失误,找到新的增分点,收获成功与喜悦。