赵梦娇
湖北省咸宁市嘉鱼县陆溪镇陆溪中学 437200
摘要：定语从句是高中语法的重要组成部分，也是历年高考考查的重点。虽然学生在初中就已经初步接触了解定语从句，但是由于定语从句的关系词的多样性，先行词比较复杂，并且从句本身的位置非常灵活的特点，所以学生有时也会感到束手无策。根据笔者的教学实践，可以从定语从句的释义、解题步骤、关系词、固定搭配等方面去解题。
关键词：定语从句；先行词；关系词
一.定语从句释义。
定语从句，简洁地说，就是像形容词那样充当定语的从句。例如，He is an actor who has been awarded many prizes. 这里定语从句就是who has been awarded many prizes, 修饰前面的actor。提到定语从句，不得不讲到先行词和关系词。先行词，被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，必须在定语从句之前。an actor就是先行词。关系词有who，where，that，why，which，as，whom，when，whose。其中关系词又分为关系代词和关系副词。切记that和why不能用逗号隔开。
二．定语从句解题3步走
1找出先行词。先行词为人用who或者that。先行词为物用that或which。先行词为整句话用which或as。
2.看从句缺什么成分。一般来说从句主要缺主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语。关系词中，做主语的有who，that，which；宾语的有who ，that ，which，whom；定语的有whose；表语的有that，which， as；状语的有where，when，why。
3.选择关系词。找到先行词，了解缺什么成分，就直接找对应的关系词了。
三．关系词比较
1. 充当主语——who,that,which。
先行词为人：who，that 先行词为物：which，that
例如：The person who/that is playing the piano is my music teacher.正在弹钢琴的那个人是我的音乐老师。
The bookshelf that/which stood in the corner has just been taken away.昨天在角落的那个书架刚被人搬走
1.1. who Pk that，以下情况用who，其余用that。
1.1.1如果先行词为人，从句用逗号隔开，只能用who。
例如：Some people say that oldest children, ____ are smart and strong-willed, are very likely to succeed.
1.1.2 当先行词为that，those指人时，后面只用who。
例如：The world is a book,and those who don't travel read only one page.
1.2 that Pk which，以下情况用which， 其余用that。
1.1.1 如果先行词为物，从句用逗号隔开，只能用which。
例如：The school, ______ is in Paris, accepts only 80 students every year.
1.1.2 当先行词为that，those指物时，后面只用which。
例如：What’s that _____ was put in the car?
1.1.3 关系代词前有介词时，只用which。
例如：Children often form bad habits, some of ______ remain with them as long as they live.
2.充当宾语——which，that，who，whom
先行词为人：who，that，whom；先行词为物：which，that。
例如：This is the picture that/which I told you about.这就是我跟你说的那副画。
I made friends with the students whom/who/that I met in the English Corner.我和去年在英语角遇见的学生成了好朋友。
关于who，that，which作宾语的区别同它们作主语一样，就不在复述。这里要提到的两点就是：1.当先行词作宾语指人，且后面跟介词时，只用whom。例如：Behind him were other people to _____ he was trying to talk.which也是同理。2. 限定性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可省。
3.充当定语——whose
Whose表示什么的，后面紧跟名词。例如：I would thank those people whose smile just melted me.我要感谢那些用微笑融化了我的人。
3.1当whose代表人的什么，whose+n=the + n +of + whom. 例如：I would thank those people the smile of whom just melted me.
3.2 当whose代表物的什么，whose+n=the + n +of + which=of which +the +n.
例如： Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.=Nobody wants the house the roof of which has fallen in.=Nobody wants the house of which the roof has fallen in.
4.充当状语——when，where，why
根据意思可以，when充当时间状语，where充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
例如：I still remember the day when I first met my English teacher.我仍然记得第一次见到英语老师的那一天。
I still remember the place where I met my English teacher.我仍然记得第一次见到英语老师的地方。
I still remember the reason why I like English. 我仍然记得喜欢英语的原因。
5.充当表语——that ，which，as
例如： Our village isn't the small quite place that it used to be.
His sister has become a lawyer，which she wanted to be.
He is not the same man as he used to be.
从例句中发现that用类比，可省；which用于非限定从句；as主考搭配。
四．固定搭配
1.way作成分用that或which；作状语用that/in which/省略关系词。
例如：I think the way（that/which) he told me is the best.我认为他告诉我的方法是最好的。
Please tell me the way that/in which/ you did the job.请告诉我你做事的方式。
2. during+ which+time
3.as 搭配：the same...as，as we expect，as has been said before
五．总结
关于高中定语从句的解题技巧，这里只是笔者的一些个人看法。定语从句还有许多特别之处。总之，在教学定语从句的用法时，要抓住定语从句在句子中的功能和关系词的用法，不断积累、总结，以便学生能在英语语言的运用上更加自如。